xref: /cloud-hypervisor/vmm/src/device_manager.rs (revision 5641e3a283db4149052b1e9278c640bcef8a000e)
1 // Copyright 2018 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2 //
3 // Portions Copyright 2017 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
4 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
5 // found in the LICENSE-BSD-3-Clause file.
6 //
7 // Copyright © 2019 Intel Corporation
8 //
9 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 AND BSD-3-Clause
10 //
11 
12 use crate::config::{
13     ConsoleOutputMode, DeviceConfig, DiskConfig, FsConfig, NetConfig, PmemConfig, UserDeviceConfig,
14     VdpaConfig, VhostMode, VmConfig, VsockConfig,
15 };
16 use crate::cpu::{CpuManager, CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE};
17 use crate::device_tree::{DeviceNode, DeviceTree};
18 use crate::interrupt::LegacyUserspaceInterruptManager;
19 use crate::interrupt::MsiInterruptManager;
20 use crate::memory_manager::{Error as MemoryManagerError, MemoryManager, MEMORY_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE};
21 use crate::pci_segment::PciSegment;
22 use crate::seccomp_filters::{get_seccomp_filter, Thread};
23 use crate::serial_manager::{Error as SerialManagerError, SerialManager};
24 use crate::sigwinch_listener::start_sigwinch_listener;
25 use crate::GuestRegionMmap;
26 use crate::PciDeviceInfo;
27 use crate::{device_node, DEVICE_MANAGER_SNAPSHOT_ID};
28 use acpi_tables::sdt::GenericAddress;
29 use acpi_tables::{aml, Aml};
30 use anyhow::anyhow;
31 use arch::layout;
32 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
33 use arch::layout::{APIC_START, IOAPIC_SIZE, IOAPIC_START};
34 use arch::NumaNodes;
35 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
36 use arch::{DeviceType, MmioDeviceInfo};
37 use block::{
38     async_io::DiskFile, block_aio_is_supported, block_io_uring_is_supported, detect_image_type,
39     fixed_vhd_sync::FixedVhdDiskSync, qcow, qcow_sync::QcowDiskSync, raw_async_aio::RawFileDiskAio,
40     raw_sync::RawFileDiskSync, vhdx, vhdx_sync::VhdxDiskSync, ImageType,
41 };
42 #[cfg(feature = "io_uring")]
43 use block::{fixed_vhd_async::FixedVhdDiskAsync, raw_async::RawFileDisk};
44 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
45 use devices::debug_console::DebugConsole;
46 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
47 use devices::gic;
48 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
49 use devices::ioapic;
50 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
51 use devices::legacy::Pl011;
52 use devices::{
53     interrupt_controller, interrupt_controller::InterruptController, AcpiNotificationFlags,
54 };
55 use hypervisor::{HypervisorType, IoEventAddress};
56 use libc::{
57     cfmakeraw, isatty, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, termios, MAP_NORESERVE, MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_SHARED,
58     O_TMPFILE, PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, TCSANOW,
59 };
60 use pci::{
61     DeviceRelocation, PciBarRegionType, PciBdf, PciDevice, VfioPciDevice, VfioUserDmaMapping,
62     VfioUserPciDevice, VfioUserPciDeviceError,
63 };
64 use rate_limiter::group::RateLimiterGroup;
65 use seccompiler::SeccompAction;
66 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
67 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
68 use std::fs::{read_link, File, OpenOptions};
69 use std::io::{self, stdout, Seek, SeekFrom};
70 use std::mem::zeroed;
71 use std::num::Wrapping;
72 use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
73 use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, RawFd};
74 use std::path::PathBuf;
75 use std::result;
76 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
77 use std::time::Instant;
78 use tracer::trace_scoped;
79 use vfio_ioctls::{VfioContainer, VfioDevice, VfioDeviceFd};
80 use virtio_devices::transport::VirtioTransport;
81 use virtio_devices::transport::{VirtioPciDevice, VirtioPciDeviceActivator};
82 use virtio_devices::vhost_user::VhostUserConfig;
83 use virtio_devices::{
84     AccessPlatformMapping, ActivateError, VdpaDmaMapping, VirtioMemMappingSource,
85 };
86 use virtio_devices::{Endpoint, IommuMapping};
87 use vm_allocator::{AddressAllocator, SystemAllocator};
88 use vm_device::dma_mapping::vfio::VfioDmaMapping;
89 use vm_device::dma_mapping::ExternalDmaMapping;
90 use vm_device::interrupt::{
91     InterruptIndex, InterruptManager, LegacyIrqGroupConfig, MsiIrqGroupConfig,
92 };
93 use vm_device::{Bus, BusDevice, Resource};
94 use vm_memory::guest_memory::FileOffset;
95 use vm_memory::GuestMemoryRegion;
96 use vm_memory::{Address, GuestAddress, GuestUsize, MmapRegion};
97 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
98 use vm_memory::{GuestAddressSpace, GuestMemory};
99 use vm_migration::{
100     protocol::MemoryRangeTable, snapshot_from_id, versioned_state_from_id, Migratable,
101     MigratableError, Pausable, Snapshot, SnapshotData, Snapshottable, Transportable,
102 };
103 use vm_virtio::AccessPlatform;
104 use vm_virtio::VirtioDeviceType;
105 use vmm_sys_util::eventfd::EventFd;
106 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
107 use {devices::debug_console, devices::legacy::Serial};
108 
109 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
110 const MMIO_LEN: u64 = 0x1000;
111 
112 // Singleton devices / devices the user cannot name
113 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
114 const IOAPIC_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__ioapic";
115 const SERIAL_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__serial";
116 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
117 const DEBUGCON_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__debug_console";
118 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
119 const GPIO_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__gpio";
120 const RNG_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__rng";
121 const IOMMU_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__iommu";
122 const BALLOON_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__balloon";
123 const CONSOLE_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__console";
124 const PVPANIC_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__pvpanic";
125 
126 // Devices that the user may name and for which we generate
127 // identifiers if the user doesn't give one
128 const DISK_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_disk";
129 const FS_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_fs";
130 const NET_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_net";
131 const PMEM_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_pmem";
132 const VDPA_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_vdpa";
133 const VSOCK_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_vsock";
134 const WATCHDOG_DEVICE_NAME: &str = "__watchdog";
135 const VFIO_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_vfio";
136 const VFIO_USER_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_vfio_user";
137 const VIRTIO_PCI_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX: &str = "_virtio-pci";
138 
139 /// Errors associated with device manager
140 #[derive(Debug)]
141 pub enum DeviceManagerError {
142     /// Cannot create EventFd.
143     EventFd(io::Error),
144 
145     /// Cannot open disk path
146     Disk(io::Error),
147 
148     /// Cannot create vhost-user-net device
149     CreateVhostUserNet(virtio_devices::vhost_user::Error),
150 
151     /// Cannot create virtio-blk device
152     CreateVirtioBlock(io::Error),
153 
154     /// Cannot create virtio-net device
155     CreateVirtioNet(virtio_devices::net::Error),
156 
157     /// Cannot create virtio-console device
158     CreateVirtioConsole(io::Error),
159 
160     /// Cannot create virtio-rng device
161     CreateVirtioRng(io::Error),
162 
163     /// Cannot create virtio-fs device
164     CreateVirtioFs(virtio_devices::vhost_user::Error),
165 
166     /// Virtio-fs device was created without a socket.
167     NoVirtioFsSock,
168 
169     /// Cannot create vhost-user-blk device
170     CreateVhostUserBlk(virtio_devices::vhost_user::Error),
171 
172     /// Cannot create virtio-pmem device
173     CreateVirtioPmem(io::Error),
174 
175     /// Cannot create vDPA device
176     CreateVdpa(virtio_devices::vdpa::Error),
177 
178     /// Cannot create virtio-vsock device
179     CreateVirtioVsock(io::Error),
180 
181     /// Cannot create tpm device
182     CreateTpmDevice(anyhow::Error),
183 
184     /// Failed to convert Path to &str for the vDPA device.
185     CreateVdpaConvertPath,
186 
187     /// Failed to convert Path to &str for the virtio-vsock device.
188     CreateVsockConvertPath,
189 
190     /// Cannot create virtio-vsock backend
191     CreateVsockBackend(virtio_devices::vsock::VsockUnixError),
192 
193     /// Cannot create virtio-iommu device
194     CreateVirtioIommu(io::Error),
195 
196     /// Cannot create virtio-balloon device
197     CreateVirtioBalloon(io::Error),
198 
199     /// Cannot create virtio-watchdog device
200     CreateVirtioWatchdog(io::Error),
201 
202     /// Failed to parse disk image format
203     DetectImageType(io::Error),
204 
205     /// Cannot open qcow disk path
206     QcowDeviceCreate(qcow::Error),
207 
208     /// Cannot create serial manager
209     CreateSerialManager(SerialManagerError),
210 
211     /// Cannot spawn the serial manager thread
212     SpawnSerialManager(SerialManagerError),
213 
214     /// Cannot open tap interface
215     OpenTap(net_util::TapError),
216 
217     /// Cannot allocate IRQ.
218     AllocateIrq,
219 
220     /// Cannot configure the IRQ.
221     Irq(vmm_sys_util::errno::Error),
222 
223     /// Cannot allocate PCI BARs
224     AllocateBars(pci::PciDeviceError),
225 
226     /// Could not free the BARs associated with a PCI device.
227     FreePciBars(pci::PciDeviceError),
228 
229     /// Cannot register ioevent.
230     RegisterIoevent(anyhow::Error),
231 
232     /// Cannot unregister ioevent.
233     UnRegisterIoevent(anyhow::Error),
234 
235     /// Cannot create virtio device
236     VirtioDevice(virtio_devices::transport::VirtioPciDeviceError),
237 
238     /// Cannot add PCI device
239     AddPciDevice(pci::PciRootError),
240 
241     /// Cannot open persistent memory file
242     PmemFileOpen(io::Error),
243 
244     /// Cannot set persistent memory file size
245     PmemFileSetLen(io::Error),
246 
247     /// Cannot find a memory range for persistent memory
248     PmemRangeAllocation,
249 
250     /// Cannot find a memory range for virtio-fs
251     FsRangeAllocation,
252 
253     /// Error creating serial output file
254     SerialOutputFileOpen(io::Error),
255 
256     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
257     /// Error creating debug-console output file
258     DebugconOutputFileOpen(io::Error),
259 
260     /// Error creating console output file
261     ConsoleOutputFileOpen(io::Error),
262 
263     /// Error creating serial pty
264     SerialPtyOpen(io::Error),
265 
266     /// Error creating console pty
267     ConsolePtyOpen(io::Error),
268 
269     /// Error creating console pty
270     DebugconPtyOpen(io::Error),
271 
272     /// Error setting pty raw mode
273     SetPtyRaw(vmm_sys_util::errno::Error),
274 
275     /// Error getting pty peer
276     GetPtyPeer(vmm_sys_util::errno::Error),
277 
278     /// Cannot create a VFIO device
279     VfioCreate(vfio_ioctls::VfioError),
280 
281     /// Cannot create a VFIO PCI device
282     VfioPciCreate(pci::VfioPciError),
283 
284     /// Failed to map VFIO MMIO region.
285     VfioMapRegion(pci::VfioPciError),
286 
287     /// Failed to DMA map VFIO device.
288     VfioDmaMap(vfio_ioctls::VfioError),
289 
290     /// Failed to DMA unmap VFIO device.
291     VfioDmaUnmap(pci::VfioPciError),
292 
293     /// Failed to create the passthrough device.
294     CreatePassthroughDevice(anyhow::Error),
295 
296     /// Failed to memory map.
297     Mmap(io::Error),
298 
299     /// Cannot add legacy device to Bus.
300     BusError(vm_device::BusError),
301 
302     /// Failed to allocate IO port
303     AllocateIoPort,
304 
305     /// Failed to allocate MMIO address
306     AllocateMmioAddress,
307 
308     /// Failed to make hotplug notification
309     HotPlugNotification(io::Error),
310 
311     /// Error from a memory manager operation
312     MemoryManager(MemoryManagerError),
313 
314     /// Failed to create new interrupt source group.
315     CreateInterruptGroup(io::Error),
316 
317     /// Failed to update interrupt source group.
318     UpdateInterruptGroup(io::Error),
319 
320     /// Failed to create interrupt controller.
321     CreateInterruptController(interrupt_controller::Error),
322 
323     /// Failed to create a new MmapRegion instance.
324     NewMmapRegion(vm_memory::mmap::MmapRegionError),
325 
326     /// Failed to clone a File.
327     CloneFile(io::Error),
328 
329     /// Failed to create socket file
330     CreateSocketFile(io::Error),
331 
332     /// Failed to spawn the network backend
333     SpawnNetBackend(io::Error),
334 
335     /// Failed to spawn the block backend
336     SpawnBlockBackend(io::Error),
337 
338     /// Missing PCI bus.
339     NoPciBus,
340 
341     /// Could not find an available device name.
342     NoAvailableDeviceName,
343 
344     /// Missing PCI device.
345     MissingPciDevice,
346 
347     /// Failed to remove a PCI device from the PCI bus.
348     RemoveDeviceFromPciBus(pci::PciRootError),
349 
350     /// Failed to remove a bus device from the IO bus.
351     RemoveDeviceFromIoBus(vm_device::BusError),
352 
353     /// Failed to remove a bus device from the MMIO bus.
354     RemoveDeviceFromMmioBus(vm_device::BusError),
355 
356     /// Failed to find the device corresponding to a specific PCI b/d/f.
357     UnknownPciBdf(u32),
358 
359     /// Not allowed to remove this type of device from the VM.
360     RemovalNotAllowed(vm_virtio::VirtioDeviceType),
361 
362     /// Failed to find device corresponding to the given identifier.
363     UnknownDeviceId(String),
364 
365     /// Failed to find an available PCI device ID.
366     NextPciDeviceId(pci::PciRootError),
367 
368     /// Could not reserve the PCI device ID.
369     GetPciDeviceId(pci::PciRootError),
370 
371     /// Could not give the PCI device ID back.
372     PutPciDeviceId(pci::PciRootError),
373 
374     /// No disk path was specified when one was expected
375     NoDiskPath,
376 
377     /// Failed to update guest memory for virtio device.
378     UpdateMemoryForVirtioDevice(virtio_devices::Error),
379 
380     /// Cannot create virtio-mem device
381     CreateVirtioMem(io::Error),
382 
383     /// Cannot find a memory range for virtio-mem memory
384     VirtioMemRangeAllocation,
385 
386     /// Failed to update guest memory for VFIO PCI device.
387     UpdateMemoryForVfioPciDevice(vfio_ioctls::VfioError),
388 
389     /// Trying to use a directory for pmem but no size specified
390     PmemWithDirectorySizeMissing,
391 
392     /// Trying to use a size that is not multiple of 2MiB
393     PmemSizeNotAligned,
394 
395     /// Could not find the node in the device tree.
396     MissingNode,
397 
398     /// Resource was already found.
399     ResourceAlreadyExists,
400 
401     /// Expected resources for virtio-pmem could not be found.
402     MissingVirtioPmemResources,
403 
404     /// Missing PCI b/d/f from the DeviceNode.
405     MissingDeviceNodePciBdf,
406 
407     /// No support for device passthrough
408     NoDevicePassthroughSupport,
409 
410     /// No socket option support for console device
411     NoSocketOptionSupportForConsoleDevice,
412 
413     /// Failed to resize virtio-balloon
414     VirtioBalloonResize(virtio_devices::balloon::Error),
415 
416     /// Missing virtio-balloon, can't proceed as expected.
417     MissingVirtioBalloon,
418 
419     /// Missing virtual IOMMU device
420     MissingVirtualIommu,
421 
422     /// Failed to do power button notification
423     PowerButtonNotification(io::Error),
424 
425     /// Failed to do AArch64 GPIO power button notification
426     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
427     AArch64PowerButtonNotification(devices::legacy::GpioDeviceError),
428 
429     /// Failed to set O_DIRECT flag to file descriptor
430     SetDirectIo,
431 
432     /// Failed to create FixedVhdDiskAsync
433     CreateFixedVhdDiskAsync(io::Error),
434 
435     /// Failed to create FixedVhdDiskSync
436     CreateFixedVhdDiskSync(io::Error),
437 
438     /// Failed to create QcowDiskSync
439     CreateQcowDiskSync(qcow::Error),
440 
441     /// Failed to create FixedVhdxDiskSync
442     CreateFixedVhdxDiskSync(vhdx::VhdxError),
443 
444     /// Failed to add DMA mapping handler to virtio-mem device.
445     AddDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem(virtio_devices::mem::Error),
446 
447     /// Failed to remove DMA mapping handler from virtio-mem device.
448     RemoveDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem(virtio_devices::mem::Error),
449 
450     /// Failed to create vfio-user client
451     VfioUserCreateClient(vfio_user::Error),
452 
453     /// Failed to create VFIO user device
454     VfioUserCreate(VfioUserPciDeviceError),
455 
456     /// Failed to map region from VFIO user device into guest
457     VfioUserMapRegion(VfioUserPciDeviceError),
458 
459     /// Failed to DMA map VFIO user device.
460     VfioUserDmaMap(VfioUserPciDeviceError),
461 
462     /// Failed to DMA unmap VFIO user device.
463     VfioUserDmaUnmap(VfioUserPciDeviceError),
464 
465     /// Failed to update memory mappings for VFIO user device
466     UpdateMemoryForVfioUserPciDevice(VfioUserPciDeviceError),
467 
468     /// Cannot duplicate file descriptor
469     DupFd(vmm_sys_util::errno::Error),
470 
471     /// Failed to DMA map virtio device.
472     VirtioDmaMap(std::io::Error),
473 
474     /// Failed to DMA unmap virtio device.
475     VirtioDmaUnmap(std::io::Error),
476 
477     /// Cannot hotplug device behind vIOMMU
478     InvalidIommuHotplug,
479 
480     /// Invalid identifier as it is not unique.
481     IdentifierNotUnique(String),
482 
483     /// Invalid identifier
484     InvalidIdentifier(String),
485 
486     /// Error activating virtio device
487     VirtioActivate(ActivateError),
488 
489     /// Failed retrieving device state from snapshot
490     RestoreGetState(MigratableError),
491 
492     /// Cannot create a PvPanic device
493     PvPanicCreate(devices::pvpanic::PvPanicError),
494 
495     /// Cannot create a RateLimiterGroup
496     RateLimiterGroupCreate(rate_limiter::group::Error),
497 }
498 
499 pub type DeviceManagerResult<T> = result::Result<T, DeviceManagerError>;
500 
501 const DEVICE_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE: usize = 0x10;
502 
503 const TIOCSPTLCK: libc::c_int = 0x4004_5431;
504 const TIOCGTPEER: libc::c_int = 0x5441;
505 
506 pub fn create_pty() -> io::Result<(File, File, PathBuf)> {
507     // Try to use /dev/pts/ptmx first then fall back to /dev/ptmx
508     // This is done to try and use the devpts filesystem that
509     // could be available for use in the process's namespace first.
510     // Ideally these are all the same file though but different
511     // kernels could have things setup differently.
512     // See https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt
513     // for further details.
514 
515     let custom_flags = libc::O_NONBLOCK;
516     let main = match OpenOptions::new()
517         .read(true)
518         .write(true)
519         .custom_flags(custom_flags)
520         .open("/dev/pts/ptmx")
521     {
522         Ok(f) => f,
523         _ => OpenOptions::new()
524             .read(true)
525             .write(true)
526             .custom_flags(custom_flags)
527             .open("/dev/ptmx")?,
528     };
529     let mut unlock: libc::c_ulong = 0;
530     // SAFETY: FFI call into libc, trivially safe
531     unsafe { libc::ioctl(main.as_raw_fd(), TIOCSPTLCK as _, &mut unlock) };
532 
533     // SAFETY: FFI call into libc, trivially safe
534     let sub_fd = unsafe {
535         libc::ioctl(
536             main.as_raw_fd(),
537             TIOCGTPEER as _,
538             libc::O_NOCTTY | libc::O_RDWR,
539         )
540     };
541     if sub_fd == -1 {
542         return vmm_sys_util::errno::errno_result().map_err(|e| e.into());
543     }
544 
545     let proc_path = PathBuf::from(format!("/proc/self/fd/{sub_fd}"));
546     let path = read_link(proc_path)?;
547 
548     // SAFETY: sub_fd is checked to be valid before being wrapped in File
549     Ok((main, unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(sub_fd) }, path))
550 }
551 
552 #[derive(Default)]
553 pub struct Console {
554     console_resizer: Option<Arc<virtio_devices::ConsoleResizer>>,
555 }
556 
557 impl Console {
558     pub fn need_resize(&self) -> bool {
559         if let Some(_resizer) = self.console_resizer.as_ref() {
560             return true;
561         }
562 
563         false
564     }
565 
566     pub fn update_console_size(&self) {
567         if let Some(resizer) = self.console_resizer.as_ref() {
568             resizer.update_console_size()
569         }
570     }
571 }
572 
573 pub(crate) struct AddressManager {
574     pub(crate) allocator: Arc<Mutex<SystemAllocator>>,
575     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
576     pub(crate) io_bus: Arc<Bus>,
577     pub(crate) mmio_bus: Arc<Bus>,
578     pub(crate) vm: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
579     device_tree: Arc<Mutex<DeviceTree>>,
580     pci_mmio32_allocators: Vec<Arc<Mutex<AddressAllocator>>>,
581     pci_mmio64_allocators: Vec<Arc<Mutex<AddressAllocator>>>,
582 }
583 
584 impl DeviceRelocation for AddressManager {
585     fn move_bar(
586         &self,
587         old_base: u64,
588         new_base: u64,
589         len: u64,
590         pci_dev: &mut dyn PciDevice,
591         region_type: PciBarRegionType,
592     ) -> std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error> {
593         match region_type {
594             PciBarRegionType::IoRegion => {
595                 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
596                 {
597                     // Update system allocator
598                     self.allocator
599                         .lock()
600                         .unwrap()
601                         .free_io_addresses(GuestAddress(old_base), len as GuestUsize);
602 
603                     self.allocator
604                         .lock()
605                         .unwrap()
606                         .allocate_io_addresses(
607                             Some(GuestAddress(new_base)),
608                             len as GuestUsize,
609                             None,
610                         )
611                         .ok_or_else(|| {
612                             io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "failed allocating new IO range")
613                         })?;
614 
615                     // Update PIO bus
616                     self.io_bus
617                         .update_range(old_base, len, new_base, len)
618                         .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
619                 }
620                 #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
621                 error!("I/O region is not supported");
622             }
623             PciBarRegionType::Memory32BitRegion | PciBarRegionType::Memory64BitRegion => {
624                 let allocators = if region_type == PciBarRegionType::Memory32BitRegion {
625                     &self.pci_mmio32_allocators
626                 } else {
627                     &self.pci_mmio64_allocators
628                 };
629 
630                 // Find the specific allocator that this BAR was allocated from and use it for new one
631                 for allocator in allocators {
632                     let allocator_base = allocator.lock().unwrap().base();
633                     let allocator_end = allocator.lock().unwrap().end();
634 
635                     if old_base >= allocator_base.0 && old_base <= allocator_end.0 {
636                         allocator
637                             .lock()
638                             .unwrap()
639                             .free(GuestAddress(old_base), len as GuestUsize);
640 
641                         allocator
642                             .lock()
643                             .unwrap()
644                             .allocate(Some(GuestAddress(new_base)), len as GuestUsize, Some(len))
645                             .ok_or_else(|| {
646                                 io::Error::new(
647                                     io::ErrorKind::Other,
648                                     "failed allocating new MMIO range",
649                                 )
650                             })?;
651 
652                         break;
653                     }
654                 }
655 
656                 // Update MMIO bus
657                 self.mmio_bus
658                     .update_range(old_base, len, new_base, len)
659                     .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))?;
660             }
661         }
662 
663         // Update the device_tree resources associated with the device
664         if let Some(id) = pci_dev.id() {
665             if let Some(node) = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().get_mut(&id) {
666                 let mut resource_updated = false;
667                 for resource in node.resources.iter_mut() {
668                     if let Resource::PciBar { base, type_, .. } = resource {
669                         if PciBarRegionType::from(*type_) == region_type && *base == old_base {
670                             *base = new_base;
671                             resource_updated = true;
672                             break;
673                         }
674                     }
675                 }
676 
677                 if !resource_updated {
678                     return Err(io::Error::new(
679                         io::ErrorKind::Other,
680                         format!(
681                             "Couldn't find a resource with base 0x{old_base:x} for device {id}"
682                         ),
683                     ));
684                 }
685             } else {
686                 return Err(io::Error::new(
687                     io::ErrorKind::Other,
688                     format!("Couldn't find device {id} from device tree"),
689                 ));
690             }
691         }
692 
693         let any_dev = pci_dev.as_any();
694         if let Some(virtio_pci_dev) = any_dev.downcast_ref::<VirtioPciDevice>() {
695             let bar_addr = virtio_pci_dev.config_bar_addr();
696             if bar_addr == new_base {
697                 for (event, addr) in virtio_pci_dev.ioeventfds(old_base) {
698                     let io_addr = IoEventAddress::Mmio(addr);
699                     self.vm.unregister_ioevent(event, &io_addr).map_err(|e| {
700                         io::Error::new(
701                             io::ErrorKind::Other,
702                             format!("failed to unregister ioevent: {e:?}"),
703                         )
704                     })?;
705                 }
706                 for (event, addr) in virtio_pci_dev.ioeventfds(new_base) {
707                     let io_addr = IoEventAddress::Mmio(addr);
708                     self.vm
709                         .register_ioevent(event, &io_addr, None)
710                         .map_err(|e| {
711                             io::Error::new(
712                                 io::ErrorKind::Other,
713                                 format!("failed to register ioevent: {e:?}"),
714                             )
715                         })?;
716                 }
717             } else {
718                 let virtio_dev = virtio_pci_dev.virtio_device();
719                 let mut virtio_dev = virtio_dev.lock().unwrap();
720                 if let Some(mut shm_regions) = virtio_dev.get_shm_regions() {
721                     if shm_regions.addr.raw_value() == old_base {
722                         let mem_region = self.vm.make_user_memory_region(
723                             shm_regions.mem_slot,
724                             old_base,
725                             shm_regions.len,
726                             shm_regions.host_addr,
727                             false,
728                             false,
729                         );
730 
731                         self.vm.remove_user_memory_region(mem_region).map_err(|e| {
732                             io::Error::new(
733                                 io::ErrorKind::Other,
734                                 format!("failed to remove user memory region: {e:?}"),
735                             )
736                         })?;
737 
738                         // Create new mapping by inserting new region to KVM.
739                         let mem_region = self.vm.make_user_memory_region(
740                             shm_regions.mem_slot,
741                             new_base,
742                             shm_regions.len,
743                             shm_regions.host_addr,
744                             false,
745                             false,
746                         );
747 
748                         self.vm.create_user_memory_region(mem_region).map_err(|e| {
749                             io::Error::new(
750                                 io::ErrorKind::Other,
751                                 format!("failed to create user memory regions: {e:?}"),
752                             )
753                         })?;
754 
755                         // Update shared memory regions to reflect the new mapping.
756                         shm_regions.addr = GuestAddress(new_base);
757                         virtio_dev.set_shm_regions(shm_regions).map_err(|e| {
758                             io::Error::new(
759                                 io::ErrorKind::Other,
760                                 format!("failed to update shared memory regions: {e:?}"),
761                             )
762                         })?;
763                     }
764                 }
765             }
766         }
767 
768         pci_dev.move_bar(old_base, new_base)
769     }
770 }
771 
772 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
773 struct DeviceManagerState {
774     device_tree: DeviceTree,
775     device_id_cnt: Wrapping<usize>,
776 }
777 
778 #[derive(Debug)]
779 pub struct PtyPair {
780     pub main: File,
781     pub path: PathBuf,
782 }
783 
784 impl Clone for PtyPair {
785     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
786         PtyPair {
787             main: self.main.try_clone().unwrap(),
788             path: self.path.clone(),
789         }
790     }
791 }
792 
793 #[derive(Clone)]
794 pub enum PciDeviceHandle {
795     Vfio(Arc<Mutex<VfioPciDevice>>),
796     Virtio(Arc<Mutex<VirtioPciDevice>>),
797     VfioUser(Arc<Mutex<VfioUserPciDevice>>),
798 }
799 
800 #[derive(Clone)]
801 struct MetaVirtioDevice {
802     virtio_device: Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
803     iommu: bool,
804     id: String,
805     pci_segment: u16,
806     dma_handler: Option<Arc<dyn ExternalDmaMapping>>,
807 }
808 
809 #[derive(Default)]
810 pub struct AcpiPlatformAddresses {
811     pub pm_timer_address: Option<GenericAddress>,
812     pub reset_reg_address: Option<GenericAddress>,
813     pub sleep_control_reg_address: Option<GenericAddress>,
814     pub sleep_status_reg_address: Option<GenericAddress>,
815 }
816 
817 pub struct DeviceManager {
818     // The underlying hypervisor
819     hypervisor_type: HypervisorType,
820 
821     // Manage address space related to devices
822     address_manager: Arc<AddressManager>,
823 
824     // Console abstraction
825     console: Arc<Console>,
826 
827     // console PTY
828     console_pty: Option<Arc<Mutex<PtyPair>>>,
829 
830     // serial PTY
831     serial_pty: Option<Arc<Mutex<PtyPair>>>,
832 
833     // debug-console PTY
834     debug_console_pty: Option<Arc<Mutex<PtyPair>>>,
835 
836     // Serial Manager
837     serial_manager: Option<Arc<SerialManager>>,
838 
839     // pty foreground status,
840     console_resize_pipe: Option<Arc<File>>,
841 
842     // To restore on exit.
843     original_termios_opt: Arc<Mutex<Option<termios>>>,
844 
845     // Interrupt controller
846     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
847     interrupt_controller: Option<Arc<Mutex<ioapic::Ioapic>>>,
848     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
849     interrupt_controller: Option<Arc<Mutex<gic::Gic>>>,
850 
851     // Things to be added to the commandline (e.g. aarch64 early console)
852     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
853     cmdline_additions: Vec<String>,
854 
855     // ACPI GED notification device
856     ged_notification_device: Option<Arc<Mutex<devices::AcpiGedDevice>>>,
857 
858     // VM configuration
859     config: Arc<Mutex<VmConfig>>,
860 
861     // Memory Manager
862     memory_manager: Arc<Mutex<MemoryManager>>,
863 
864     // CPU Manager
865     cpu_manager: Arc<Mutex<CpuManager>>,
866 
867     // The virtio devices on the system
868     virtio_devices: Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>,
869 
870     // List of bus devices
871     // Let the DeviceManager keep strong references to the BusDevice devices.
872     // This allows the IO and MMIO buses to be provided with Weak references,
873     // which prevents cyclic dependencies.
874     bus_devices: Vec<Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>>,
875 
876     // Counter to keep track of the consumed device IDs.
877     device_id_cnt: Wrapping<usize>,
878 
879     pci_segments: Vec<PciSegment>,
880 
881     #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "aarch64", allow(dead_code))]
882     // MSI Interrupt Manager
883     msi_interrupt_manager: Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = MsiIrqGroupConfig>>,
884 
885     #[cfg_attr(feature = "mshv", allow(dead_code))]
886     // Legacy Interrupt Manager
887     legacy_interrupt_manager: Option<Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>>,
888 
889     // Passthrough device handle
890     passthrough_device: Option<VfioDeviceFd>,
891 
892     // VFIO container
893     // Only one container can be created, therefore it is stored as part of the
894     // DeviceManager to be reused.
895     vfio_container: Option<Arc<VfioContainer>>,
896 
897     // Paravirtualized IOMMU
898     iommu_device: Option<Arc<Mutex<virtio_devices::Iommu>>>,
899     iommu_mapping: Option<Arc<IommuMapping>>,
900 
901     // PCI information about devices attached to the paravirtualized IOMMU
902     // It contains the virtual IOMMU PCI BDF along with the list of PCI BDF
903     // representing the devices attached to the virtual IOMMU. This is useful
904     // information for filling the ACPI VIOT table.
905     iommu_attached_devices: Option<(PciBdf, Vec<PciBdf>)>,
906 
907     // Tree of devices, representing the dependencies between devices.
908     // Useful for introspection, snapshot and restore.
909     device_tree: Arc<Mutex<DeviceTree>>,
910 
911     // Exit event
912     exit_evt: EventFd,
913     reset_evt: EventFd,
914 
915     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
916     id_to_dev_info: HashMap<(DeviceType, String), MmioDeviceInfo>,
917 
918     // seccomp action
919     seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
920 
921     // List of guest NUMA nodes.
922     numa_nodes: NumaNodes,
923 
924     // Possible handle to the virtio-balloon device
925     balloon: Option<Arc<Mutex<virtio_devices::Balloon>>>,
926 
927     // Virtio Device activation EventFd to allow the VMM thread to trigger device
928     // activation and thus start the threads from the VMM thread
929     activate_evt: EventFd,
930 
931     acpi_address: GuestAddress,
932 
933     selected_segment: usize,
934 
935     // Possible handle to the virtio-mem device
936     virtio_mem_devices: Vec<Arc<Mutex<virtio_devices::Mem>>>,
937 
938     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
939     // GPIO device for AArch64
940     gpio_device: Option<Arc<Mutex<devices::legacy::Gpio>>>,
941 
942     // pvpanic device
943     pvpanic_device: Option<Arc<Mutex<devices::PvPanicDevice>>>,
944 
945     // Flag to force setting the iommu on virtio devices
946     force_iommu: bool,
947 
948     // io_uring availability if detected
949     io_uring_supported: Option<bool>,
950 
951     // aio availability if detected
952     aio_supported: Option<bool>,
953 
954     // List of unique identifiers provided at boot through the configuration.
955     boot_id_list: BTreeSet<String>,
956 
957     // Start time of the VM
958     timestamp: Instant,
959 
960     // Pending activations
961     pending_activations: Arc<Mutex<Vec<VirtioPciDeviceActivator>>>,
962 
963     // Addresses for ACPI platform devices e.g. ACPI PM timer, sleep/reset registers
964     acpi_platform_addresses: AcpiPlatformAddresses,
965 
966     snapshot: Option<Snapshot>,
967 
968     rate_limit_groups: HashMap<String, Arc<RateLimiterGroup>>,
969 }
970 
971 impl DeviceManager {
972     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
973     pub fn new(
974         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] io_bus: Arc<Bus>,
975         mmio_bus: Arc<Bus>,
976         hypervisor_type: HypervisorType,
977         vm: Arc<dyn hypervisor::Vm>,
978         config: Arc<Mutex<VmConfig>>,
979         memory_manager: Arc<Mutex<MemoryManager>>,
980         cpu_manager: Arc<Mutex<CpuManager>>,
981         exit_evt: EventFd,
982         reset_evt: EventFd,
983         seccomp_action: SeccompAction,
984         numa_nodes: NumaNodes,
985         activate_evt: &EventFd,
986         force_iommu: bool,
987         boot_id_list: BTreeSet<String>,
988         timestamp: Instant,
989         snapshot: Option<Snapshot>,
990         dynamic: bool,
991     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<Self>>> {
992         trace_scoped!("DeviceManager::new");
993 
994         let (device_tree, device_id_cnt) = if let Some(snapshot) = snapshot.as_ref() {
995             let state: DeviceManagerState = snapshot.to_state().unwrap();
996             (
997                 Arc::new(Mutex::new(state.device_tree.clone())),
998                 state.device_id_cnt,
999             )
1000         } else {
1001             (Arc::new(Mutex::new(DeviceTree::new())), Wrapping(0))
1002         };
1003 
1004         let num_pci_segments =
1005             if let Some(platform_config) = config.lock().unwrap().platform.as_ref() {
1006                 platform_config.num_pci_segments
1007             } else {
1008                 1
1009             };
1010 
1011         let create_mmio_allocators = |start, end, num_pci_segments, alignment| {
1012             // Start each PCI segment mmio range on an aligned boundary
1013             let pci_segment_mmio_size =
1014                 (end - start + 1) / (alignment * num_pci_segments as u64) * alignment;
1015 
1016             let mut mmio_allocators = vec![];
1017             for i in 0..num_pci_segments as u64 {
1018                 let mmio_start = start + i * pci_segment_mmio_size;
1019                 let allocator = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
1020                     AddressAllocator::new(GuestAddress(mmio_start), pci_segment_mmio_size).unwrap(),
1021                 ));
1022                 mmio_allocators.push(allocator)
1023             }
1024 
1025             mmio_allocators
1026         };
1027 
1028         let start_of_mmio32_area = layout::MEM_32BIT_DEVICES_START.0;
1029         let end_of_mmio32_area = layout::MEM_32BIT_DEVICES_START.0 + layout::MEM_32BIT_DEVICES_SIZE;
1030         let pci_mmio32_allocators = create_mmio_allocators(
1031             start_of_mmio32_area,
1032             end_of_mmio32_area,
1033             num_pci_segments,
1034             4 << 10,
1035         );
1036 
1037         let start_of_mmio64_area = memory_manager.lock().unwrap().start_of_device_area().0;
1038         let end_of_mmio64_area = memory_manager.lock().unwrap().end_of_device_area().0;
1039         let pci_mmio64_allocators = create_mmio_allocators(
1040             start_of_mmio64_area,
1041             end_of_mmio64_area,
1042             num_pci_segments,
1043             4 << 30,
1044         );
1045 
1046         let address_manager = Arc::new(AddressManager {
1047             allocator: memory_manager.lock().unwrap().allocator(),
1048             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1049             io_bus,
1050             mmio_bus,
1051             vm: vm.clone(),
1052             device_tree: Arc::clone(&device_tree),
1053             pci_mmio32_allocators,
1054             pci_mmio64_allocators,
1055         });
1056 
1057         // First we create the MSI interrupt manager, the legacy one is created
1058         // later, after the IOAPIC device creation.
1059         // The reason we create the MSI one first is because the IOAPIC needs it,
1060         // and then the legacy interrupt manager needs an IOAPIC. So we're
1061         // handling a linear dependency chain:
1062         // msi_interrupt_manager <- IOAPIC <- legacy_interrupt_manager.
1063         let msi_interrupt_manager: Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = MsiIrqGroupConfig>> =
1064             Arc::new(MsiInterruptManager::new(
1065                 Arc::clone(&address_manager.allocator),
1066                 vm,
1067             ));
1068 
1069         let acpi_address = address_manager
1070             .allocator
1071             .lock()
1072             .unwrap()
1073             .allocate_platform_mmio_addresses(None, DEVICE_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64, None)
1074             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateIoPort)?;
1075 
1076         let mut pci_irq_slots = [0; 32];
1077         PciSegment::reserve_legacy_interrupts_for_pci_devices(
1078             &address_manager,
1079             &mut pci_irq_slots,
1080         )?;
1081 
1082         let mut pci_segments = vec![PciSegment::new_default_segment(
1083             &address_manager,
1084             Arc::clone(&address_manager.pci_mmio32_allocators[0]),
1085             Arc::clone(&address_manager.pci_mmio64_allocators[0]),
1086             &pci_irq_slots,
1087         )?];
1088 
1089         for i in 1..num_pci_segments as usize {
1090             pci_segments.push(PciSegment::new(
1091                 i as u16,
1092                 numa_node_id_from_pci_segment_id(&numa_nodes, i as u16),
1093                 &address_manager,
1094                 Arc::clone(&address_manager.pci_mmio32_allocators[i]),
1095                 Arc::clone(&address_manager.pci_mmio64_allocators[i]),
1096                 &pci_irq_slots,
1097             )?);
1098         }
1099 
1100         if dynamic {
1101             let acpi_address = address_manager
1102                 .allocator
1103                 .lock()
1104                 .unwrap()
1105                 .allocate_platform_mmio_addresses(None, CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64, None)
1106                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateMmioAddress)?;
1107 
1108             address_manager
1109                 .mmio_bus
1110                 .insert(
1111                     cpu_manager.clone(),
1112                     acpi_address.0,
1113                     CPU_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
1114                 )
1115                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1116 
1117             cpu_manager.lock().unwrap().set_acpi_address(acpi_address);
1118         }
1119 
1120         let mut rate_limit_groups = HashMap::<String, Arc<RateLimiterGroup>>::new();
1121         if let Some(rate_limit_groups_cfg) = config.lock().unwrap().rate_limit_groups.as_ref() {
1122             for rate_limit_group_cfg in rate_limit_groups_cfg {
1123                 let rate_limit_cfg = rate_limit_group_cfg.rate_limiter_config;
1124                 let bw = rate_limit_cfg.bandwidth.unwrap_or_default();
1125                 let ops = rate_limit_cfg.ops.unwrap_or_default();
1126                 let mut rate_limit_group = RateLimiterGroup::new(
1127                     &rate_limit_group_cfg.id,
1128                     bw.size,
1129                     bw.one_time_burst.unwrap_or(0),
1130                     bw.refill_time,
1131                     ops.size,
1132                     ops.one_time_burst.unwrap_or(0),
1133                     ops.refill_time,
1134                 )
1135                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RateLimiterGroupCreate)?;
1136 
1137                 let exit_evt = exit_evt.try_clone().map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?;
1138 
1139                 rate_limit_group.start_thread(exit_evt).unwrap();
1140                 rate_limit_groups
1141                     .insert(rate_limit_group_cfg.id.clone(), Arc::new(rate_limit_group));
1142             }
1143         }
1144 
1145         let device_manager = DeviceManager {
1146             hypervisor_type,
1147             address_manager: Arc::clone(&address_manager),
1148             console: Arc::new(Console::default()),
1149             interrupt_controller: None,
1150             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1151             cmdline_additions: Vec::new(),
1152             ged_notification_device: None,
1153             config,
1154             memory_manager,
1155             cpu_manager,
1156             virtio_devices: Vec::new(),
1157             bus_devices: Vec::new(),
1158             device_id_cnt,
1159             msi_interrupt_manager,
1160             legacy_interrupt_manager: None,
1161             passthrough_device: None,
1162             vfio_container: None,
1163             iommu_device: None,
1164             iommu_mapping: None,
1165             iommu_attached_devices: None,
1166             pci_segments,
1167             device_tree,
1168             exit_evt,
1169             reset_evt,
1170             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1171             id_to_dev_info: HashMap::new(),
1172             seccomp_action,
1173             numa_nodes,
1174             balloon: None,
1175             activate_evt: activate_evt
1176                 .try_clone()
1177                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
1178             acpi_address,
1179             selected_segment: 0,
1180             serial_pty: None,
1181             serial_manager: None,
1182             console_pty: None,
1183             debug_console_pty: None,
1184             console_resize_pipe: None,
1185             original_termios_opt: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)),
1186             virtio_mem_devices: Vec::new(),
1187             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1188             gpio_device: None,
1189             pvpanic_device: None,
1190             force_iommu,
1191             io_uring_supported: None,
1192             aio_supported: None,
1193             boot_id_list,
1194             timestamp,
1195             pending_activations: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::default())),
1196             acpi_platform_addresses: AcpiPlatformAddresses::default(),
1197             snapshot,
1198             rate_limit_groups,
1199         };
1200 
1201         let device_manager = Arc::new(Mutex::new(device_manager));
1202 
1203         address_manager
1204             .mmio_bus
1205             .insert(
1206                 Arc::clone(&device_manager) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
1207                 acpi_address.0,
1208                 DEVICE_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
1209             )
1210             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1211 
1212         Ok(device_manager)
1213     }
1214 
1215     pub fn serial_pty(&self) -> Option<PtyPair> {
1216         self.serial_pty
1217             .as_ref()
1218             .map(|pty| pty.lock().unwrap().clone())
1219     }
1220 
1221     pub fn console_pty(&self) -> Option<PtyPair> {
1222         self.console_pty
1223             .as_ref()
1224             .map(|pty| pty.lock().unwrap().clone())
1225     }
1226 
1227     pub fn debug_console_pty(&self) -> Option<PtyPair> {
1228         self.debug_console_pty
1229             .as_ref()
1230             .map(|pty| pty.lock().unwrap().clone())
1231     }
1232 
1233     pub fn console_resize_pipe(&self) -> Option<Arc<File>> {
1234         self.console_resize_pipe.clone()
1235     }
1236 
1237     pub fn create_devices(
1238         &mut self,
1239         serial_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
1240         console_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
1241         debug_console_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
1242         console_resize_pipe: Option<File>,
1243         original_termios_opt: Arc<Mutex<Option<termios>>>,
1244     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
1245         trace_scoped!("create_devices");
1246 
1247         let mut virtio_devices: Vec<MetaVirtioDevice> = Vec::new();
1248 
1249         let interrupt_controller = self.add_interrupt_controller()?;
1250 
1251         self.cpu_manager
1252             .lock()
1253             .unwrap()
1254             .set_interrupt_controller(interrupt_controller.clone());
1255 
1256         // Now we can create the legacy interrupt manager, which needs the freshly
1257         // formed IOAPIC device.
1258         let legacy_interrupt_manager: Arc<
1259             dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>,
1260         > = Arc::new(LegacyUserspaceInterruptManager::new(Arc::clone(
1261             &interrupt_controller,
1262         )));
1263 
1264         {
1265             if let Some(acpi_address) = self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().acpi_address() {
1266                 self.address_manager
1267                     .mmio_bus
1268                     .insert(
1269                         Arc::clone(&self.memory_manager) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
1270                         acpi_address.0,
1271                         MEMORY_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
1272                     )
1273                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1274             }
1275         }
1276 
1277         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1278         self.add_legacy_devices(
1279             self.reset_evt
1280                 .try_clone()
1281                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
1282         )?;
1283 
1284         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1285         self.add_legacy_devices(&legacy_interrupt_manager)?;
1286 
1287         {
1288             self.ged_notification_device = self.add_acpi_devices(
1289                 &legacy_interrupt_manager,
1290                 self.reset_evt
1291                     .try_clone()
1292                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
1293                 self.exit_evt
1294                     .try_clone()
1295                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
1296             )?;
1297         }
1298 
1299         self.original_termios_opt = original_termios_opt;
1300 
1301         self.console = self.add_console_devices(
1302             &legacy_interrupt_manager,
1303             &mut virtio_devices,
1304             serial_pty,
1305             console_pty,
1306             debug_console_pty,
1307             console_resize_pipe,
1308         )?;
1309 
1310         if let Some(tpm) = self.config.clone().lock().unwrap().tpm.as_ref() {
1311             let tpm_dev = self.add_tpm_device(tpm.socket.clone())?;
1312             self.bus_devices
1313                 .push(Arc::clone(&tpm_dev) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>)
1314         }
1315         self.legacy_interrupt_manager = Some(legacy_interrupt_manager);
1316 
1317         virtio_devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_devices()?);
1318 
1319         self.add_pci_devices(virtio_devices.clone())?;
1320 
1321         self.virtio_devices = virtio_devices;
1322 
1323         if self.config.clone().lock().unwrap().pvpanic {
1324             self.pvpanic_device = self.add_pvpanic_device()?;
1325         }
1326 
1327         Ok(())
1328     }
1329 
1330     fn state(&self) -> DeviceManagerState {
1331         DeviceManagerState {
1332             device_tree: self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().clone(),
1333             device_id_cnt: self.device_id_cnt,
1334         }
1335     }
1336 
1337     fn get_msi_iova_space(&mut self) -> (u64, u64) {
1338         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1339         {
1340             let vcpus = self.config.lock().unwrap().cpus.boot_vcpus;
1341             let vgic_config = gic::Gic::create_default_config(vcpus.into());
1342             (
1343                 vgic_config.msi_addr,
1344                 vgic_config.msi_addr + vgic_config.msi_size - 1,
1345             )
1346         }
1347         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1348         (0xfee0_0000, 0xfeef_ffff)
1349     }
1350 
1351     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1352     /// Gets the information of the devices registered up to some point in time.
1353     pub fn get_device_info(&self) -> &HashMap<(DeviceType, String), MmioDeviceInfo> {
1354         &self.id_to_dev_info
1355     }
1356 
1357     #[allow(unused_variables)]
1358     fn add_pci_devices(
1359         &mut self,
1360         virtio_devices: Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>,
1361     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
1362         let iommu_id = String::from(IOMMU_DEVICE_NAME);
1363 
1364         let iommu_device = if self.config.lock().unwrap().iommu {
1365             let (device, mapping) = virtio_devices::Iommu::new(
1366                 iommu_id.clone(),
1367                 self.seccomp_action.clone(),
1368                 self.exit_evt
1369                     .try_clone()
1370                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
1371                 self.get_msi_iova_space(),
1372                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), iommu_id.as_str())
1373                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
1374             )
1375             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioIommu)?;
1376             let device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(device));
1377             self.iommu_device = Some(Arc::clone(&device));
1378             self.iommu_mapping = Some(mapping);
1379 
1380             // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
1381             // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
1382             // existing entry.
1383             self.device_tree
1384                 .lock()
1385                 .unwrap()
1386                 .insert(iommu_id.clone(), device_node!(iommu_id, device));
1387 
1388             Some(device)
1389         } else {
1390             None
1391         };
1392 
1393         let mut iommu_attached_devices = Vec::new();
1394         {
1395             for handle in virtio_devices {
1396                 let mapping: Option<Arc<IommuMapping>> = if handle.iommu {
1397                     self.iommu_mapping.clone()
1398                 } else {
1399                     None
1400                 };
1401 
1402                 let dev_id = self.add_virtio_pci_device(
1403                     handle.virtio_device,
1404                     &mapping,
1405                     handle.id,
1406                     handle.pci_segment,
1407                     handle.dma_handler,
1408                 )?;
1409 
1410                 if handle.iommu {
1411                     iommu_attached_devices.push(dev_id);
1412                 }
1413             }
1414 
1415             let mut vfio_iommu_device_ids = self.add_vfio_devices()?;
1416             iommu_attached_devices.append(&mut vfio_iommu_device_ids);
1417 
1418             let mut vfio_user_iommu_device_ids = self.add_user_devices()?;
1419             iommu_attached_devices.append(&mut vfio_user_iommu_device_ids);
1420 
1421             // Add all devices from forced iommu segments
1422             if let Some(platform_config) = self.config.lock().unwrap().platform.as_ref() {
1423                 if let Some(iommu_segments) = platform_config.iommu_segments.as_ref() {
1424                     for segment in iommu_segments {
1425                         for device in 0..32 {
1426                             let bdf = PciBdf::new(*segment, 0, device, 0);
1427                             if !iommu_attached_devices.contains(&bdf) {
1428                                 iommu_attached_devices.push(bdf);
1429                             }
1430                         }
1431                     }
1432                 }
1433             }
1434 
1435             if let Some(iommu_device) = iommu_device {
1436                 let dev_id = self.add_virtio_pci_device(iommu_device, &None, iommu_id, 0, None)?;
1437                 self.iommu_attached_devices = Some((dev_id, iommu_attached_devices));
1438             }
1439         }
1440 
1441         for segment in &self.pci_segments {
1442             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1443             if let Some(pci_config_io) = segment.pci_config_io.as_ref() {
1444                 self.bus_devices
1445                     .push(Arc::clone(pci_config_io) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1446             }
1447 
1448             self.bus_devices
1449                 .push(Arc::clone(&segment.pci_config_mmio) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1450         }
1451 
1452         Ok(())
1453     }
1454 
1455     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1456     fn add_interrupt_controller(
1457         &mut self,
1458     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<dyn InterruptController>>> {
1459         let interrupt_controller: Arc<Mutex<gic::Gic>> = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
1460             gic::Gic::new(
1461                 self.config.lock().unwrap().cpus.boot_vcpus,
1462                 Arc::clone(&self.msi_interrupt_manager),
1463                 self.address_manager.vm.clone(),
1464             )
1465             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptController)?,
1466         ));
1467 
1468         self.interrupt_controller = Some(interrupt_controller.clone());
1469 
1470         // Restore the vGic if this is in the process of restoration
1471         let id = String::from(gic::GIC_SNAPSHOT_ID);
1472         if let Some(vgic_snapshot) = snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), &id) {
1473             // PMU support is optional. Nothing should be impacted if the PMU initialization failed.
1474             if self
1475                 .cpu_manager
1476                 .lock()
1477                 .unwrap()
1478                 .init_pmu(arch::aarch64::fdt::AARCH64_PMU_IRQ + 16)
1479                 .is_err()
1480             {
1481                 info!("Failed to initialize PMU");
1482             }
1483 
1484             let vgic_state = vgic_snapshot
1485                 .to_state()
1486                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?;
1487             let saved_vcpu_states = self.cpu_manager.lock().unwrap().get_saved_states();
1488             interrupt_controller
1489                 .lock()
1490                 .unwrap()
1491                 .restore_vgic(vgic_state, &saved_vcpu_states)
1492                 .unwrap();
1493         }
1494 
1495         self.device_tree
1496             .lock()
1497             .unwrap()
1498             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, interrupt_controller));
1499 
1500         Ok(interrupt_controller)
1501     }
1502 
1503     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1504     pub fn get_interrupt_controller(&mut self) -> Option<&Arc<Mutex<gic::Gic>>> {
1505         self.interrupt_controller.as_ref()
1506     }
1507 
1508     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1509     fn add_interrupt_controller(
1510         &mut self,
1511     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<dyn InterruptController>>> {
1512         let id = String::from(IOAPIC_DEVICE_NAME);
1513 
1514         // Create IOAPIC
1515         let interrupt_controller = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
1516             ioapic::Ioapic::new(
1517                 id.clone(),
1518                 APIC_START,
1519                 Arc::clone(&self.msi_interrupt_manager),
1520                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
1521                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
1522             )
1523             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptController)?,
1524         ));
1525 
1526         self.interrupt_controller = Some(interrupt_controller.clone());
1527 
1528         self.address_manager
1529             .mmio_bus
1530             .insert(interrupt_controller.clone(), IOAPIC_START.0, IOAPIC_SIZE)
1531             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1532 
1533         self.bus_devices
1534             .push(Arc::clone(&interrupt_controller) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1535 
1536         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
1537         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
1538         // existing entry.
1539         self.device_tree
1540             .lock()
1541             .unwrap()
1542             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, interrupt_controller));
1543 
1544         Ok(interrupt_controller)
1545     }
1546 
1547     fn add_acpi_devices(
1548         &mut self,
1549         interrupt_manager: &Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>,
1550         reset_evt: EventFd,
1551         exit_evt: EventFd,
1552     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Option<Arc<Mutex<devices::AcpiGedDevice>>>> {
1553         let vcpus_kill_signalled = self
1554             .cpu_manager
1555             .lock()
1556             .unwrap()
1557             .vcpus_kill_signalled()
1558             .clone();
1559         let shutdown_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::AcpiShutdownDevice::new(
1560             exit_evt,
1561             reset_evt,
1562             vcpus_kill_signalled,
1563         )));
1564 
1565         self.bus_devices
1566             .push(Arc::clone(&shutdown_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1567 
1568         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1569         {
1570             let shutdown_pio_address: u16 = 0x600;
1571 
1572             self.address_manager
1573                 .allocator
1574                 .lock()
1575                 .unwrap()
1576                 .allocate_io_addresses(Some(GuestAddress(shutdown_pio_address.into())), 0x8, None)
1577                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateIoPort)?;
1578 
1579             self.address_manager
1580                 .io_bus
1581                 .insert(shutdown_device, shutdown_pio_address.into(), 0x4)
1582                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1583 
1584             self.acpi_platform_addresses.sleep_control_reg_address =
1585                 Some(GenericAddress::io_port_address::<u8>(shutdown_pio_address));
1586             self.acpi_platform_addresses.sleep_status_reg_address =
1587                 Some(GenericAddress::io_port_address::<u8>(shutdown_pio_address));
1588             self.acpi_platform_addresses.reset_reg_address =
1589                 Some(GenericAddress::io_port_address::<u8>(shutdown_pio_address));
1590         }
1591 
1592         let ged_irq = self
1593             .address_manager
1594             .allocator
1595             .lock()
1596             .unwrap()
1597             .allocate_irq()
1598             .unwrap();
1599         let interrupt_group = interrupt_manager
1600             .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
1601                 irq: ged_irq as InterruptIndex,
1602             })
1603             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?;
1604         let ged_address = self
1605             .address_manager
1606             .allocator
1607             .lock()
1608             .unwrap()
1609             .allocate_platform_mmio_addresses(
1610                 None,
1611                 devices::acpi::GED_DEVICE_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
1612                 None,
1613             )
1614             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateMmioAddress)?;
1615         let ged_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::AcpiGedDevice::new(
1616             interrupt_group,
1617             ged_irq,
1618             ged_address,
1619         )));
1620         self.address_manager
1621             .mmio_bus
1622             .insert(
1623                 ged_device.clone(),
1624                 ged_address.0,
1625                 devices::acpi::GED_DEVICE_ACPI_SIZE as u64,
1626             )
1627             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1628         self.bus_devices
1629             .push(Arc::clone(&ged_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1630 
1631         let pm_timer_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::AcpiPmTimerDevice::new()));
1632 
1633         self.bus_devices
1634             .push(Arc::clone(&pm_timer_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1635 
1636         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1637         {
1638             let pm_timer_pio_address: u16 = 0x608;
1639 
1640             self.address_manager
1641                 .allocator
1642                 .lock()
1643                 .unwrap()
1644                 .allocate_io_addresses(Some(GuestAddress(pm_timer_pio_address.into())), 0x4, None)
1645                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateIoPort)?;
1646 
1647             self.address_manager
1648                 .io_bus
1649                 .insert(pm_timer_device, pm_timer_pio_address.into(), 0x4)
1650                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1651 
1652             self.acpi_platform_addresses.pm_timer_address =
1653                 Some(GenericAddress::io_port_address::<u32>(pm_timer_pio_address));
1654         }
1655 
1656         Ok(Some(ged_device))
1657     }
1658 
1659     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1660     fn add_legacy_devices(&mut self, reset_evt: EventFd) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
1661         let vcpus_kill_signalled = self
1662             .cpu_manager
1663             .lock()
1664             .unwrap()
1665             .vcpus_kill_signalled()
1666             .clone();
1667         // Add a shutdown device (i8042)
1668         let i8042 = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::I8042Device::new(
1669             reset_evt.try_clone().unwrap(),
1670             vcpus_kill_signalled.clone(),
1671         )));
1672 
1673         self.bus_devices
1674             .push(Arc::clone(&i8042) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1675 
1676         self.address_manager
1677             .io_bus
1678             .insert(i8042, 0x61, 0x4)
1679             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1680         {
1681             // Add a CMOS emulated device
1682             let mem_size = self
1683                 .memory_manager
1684                 .lock()
1685                 .unwrap()
1686                 .guest_memory()
1687                 .memory()
1688                 .last_addr()
1689                 .0
1690                 + 1;
1691             let mem_below_4g = std::cmp::min(arch::layout::MEM_32BIT_RESERVED_START.0, mem_size);
1692             let mem_above_4g = mem_size.saturating_sub(arch::layout::RAM_64BIT_START.0);
1693 
1694             let cmos = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::Cmos::new(
1695                 mem_below_4g,
1696                 mem_above_4g,
1697                 reset_evt,
1698                 Some(vcpus_kill_signalled),
1699             )));
1700 
1701             self.bus_devices
1702                 .push(Arc::clone(&cmos) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1703 
1704             self.address_manager
1705                 .io_bus
1706                 .insert(cmos, 0x70, 0x2)
1707                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1708 
1709             let fwdebug = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::FwDebugDevice::new()));
1710 
1711             self.bus_devices
1712                 .push(Arc::clone(&fwdebug) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1713 
1714             self.address_manager
1715                 .io_bus
1716                 .insert(fwdebug, 0x402, 0x1)
1717                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1718         }
1719 
1720         // 0x80 debug port
1721         let debug_port = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::DebugPort::new(self.timestamp)));
1722         self.bus_devices
1723             .push(Arc::clone(&debug_port) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1724         self.address_manager
1725             .io_bus
1726             .insert(debug_port, 0x80, 0x1)
1727             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1728 
1729         Ok(())
1730     }
1731 
1732     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1733     fn add_legacy_devices(
1734         &mut self,
1735         interrupt_manager: &Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>,
1736     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
1737         // Add a RTC device
1738         let rtc_irq = self
1739             .address_manager
1740             .allocator
1741             .lock()
1742             .unwrap()
1743             .allocate_irq()
1744             .unwrap();
1745 
1746         let interrupt_group = interrupt_manager
1747             .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
1748                 irq: rtc_irq as InterruptIndex,
1749             })
1750             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?;
1751 
1752         let rtc_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::Rtc::new(interrupt_group)));
1753 
1754         self.bus_devices
1755             .push(Arc::clone(&rtc_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1756 
1757         let addr = arch::layout::LEGACY_RTC_MAPPED_IO_START;
1758 
1759         self.address_manager
1760             .mmio_bus
1761             .insert(rtc_device, addr.0, MMIO_LEN)
1762             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1763 
1764         self.id_to_dev_info.insert(
1765             (DeviceType::Rtc, "rtc".to_string()),
1766             MmioDeviceInfo {
1767                 addr: addr.0,
1768                 len: MMIO_LEN,
1769                 irq: rtc_irq,
1770             },
1771         );
1772 
1773         // Add a GPIO device
1774         let id = String::from(GPIO_DEVICE_NAME);
1775         let gpio_irq = self
1776             .address_manager
1777             .allocator
1778             .lock()
1779             .unwrap()
1780             .allocate_irq()
1781             .unwrap();
1782 
1783         let interrupt_group = interrupt_manager
1784             .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
1785                 irq: gpio_irq as InterruptIndex,
1786             })
1787             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?;
1788 
1789         let gpio_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::Gpio::new(
1790             id.clone(),
1791             interrupt_group,
1792             versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
1793                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
1794         )));
1795 
1796         self.bus_devices
1797             .push(Arc::clone(&gpio_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1798 
1799         let addr = arch::layout::LEGACY_GPIO_MAPPED_IO_START;
1800 
1801         self.address_manager
1802             .mmio_bus
1803             .insert(gpio_device.clone(), addr.0, MMIO_LEN)
1804             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1805 
1806         self.gpio_device = Some(gpio_device.clone());
1807 
1808         self.id_to_dev_info.insert(
1809             (DeviceType::Gpio, "gpio".to_string()),
1810             MmioDeviceInfo {
1811                 addr: addr.0,
1812                 len: MMIO_LEN,
1813                 irq: gpio_irq,
1814             },
1815         );
1816 
1817         self.device_tree
1818             .lock()
1819             .unwrap()
1820             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, gpio_device));
1821 
1822         Ok(())
1823     }
1824 
1825     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1826     fn add_debug_console_device(
1827         &mut self,
1828         debug_console_writer: Box<dyn io::Write + Send>,
1829     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<DebugConsole>>> {
1830         let id = String::from(DEBUGCON_DEVICE_NAME);
1831         let debug_console = Arc::new(Mutex::new(DebugConsole::new(
1832             id.clone(),
1833             debug_console_writer,
1834         )));
1835 
1836         let port = self
1837             .config
1838             .lock()
1839             .unwrap()
1840             .debug_console
1841             .clone()
1842             .iobase
1843             .map(|port| port as u64)
1844             .unwrap_or(debug_console::DEFAULT_PORT);
1845 
1846         self.bus_devices
1847             .push(Arc::clone(&debug_console) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1848 
1849         self.address_manager
1850             .allocator
1851             .lock()
1852             .unwrap()
1853             .allocate_io_addresses(Some(GuestAddress(port)), 0x1, None)
1854             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateIoPort)?;
1855 
1856         self.address_manager
1857             .io_bus
1858             .insert(debug_console.clone(), port, 0x1)
1859             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1860 
1861         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
1862         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
1863         // existing entry.
1864         self.device_tree
1865             .lock()
1866             .unwrap()
1867             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, debug_console));
1868 
1869         Ok(debug_console)
1870     }
1871 
1872     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
1873     fn add_serial_device(
1874         &mut self,
1875         interrupt_manager: &Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>,
1876         serial_writer: Option<Box<dyn io::Write + Send>>,
1877     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<Serial>>> {
1878         // Serial is tied to IRQ #4
1879         let serial_irq = 4;
1880 
1881         let id = String::from(SERIAL_DEVICE_NAME);
1882 
1883         let interrupt_group = interrupt_manager
1884             .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
1885                 irq: serial_irq as InterruptIndex,
1886             })
1887             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?;
1888 
1889         let serial = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Serial::new(
1890             id.clone(),
1891             interrupt_group,
1892             serial_writer,
1893             versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
1894                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
1895         )));
1896 
1897         self.bus_devices
1898             .push(Arc::clone(&serial) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1899 
1900         self.address_manager
1901             .allocator
1902             .lock()
1903             .unwrap()
1904             .allocate_io_addresses(Some(GuestAddress(0x3f8)), 0x8, None)
1905             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::AllocateIoPort)?;
1906 
1907         self.address_manager
1908             .io_bus
1909             .insert(serial.clone(), 0x3f8, 0x8)
1910             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1911 
1912         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
1913         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
1914         // existing entry.
1915         self.device_tree
1916             .lock()
1917             .unwrap()
1918             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, serial));
1919 
1920         Ok(serial)
1921     }
1922 
1923     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
1924     fn add_serial_device(
1925         &mut self,
1926         interrupt_manager: &Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>,
1927         serial_writer: Option<Box<dyn io::Write + Send>>,
1928     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<Pl011>>> {
1929         let id = String::from(SERIAL_DEVICE_NAME);
1930 
1931         let serial_irq = self
1932             .address_manager
1933             .allocator
1934             .lock()
1935             .unwrap()
1936             .allocate_irq()
1937             .unwrap();
1938 
1939         let interrupt_group = interrupt_manager
1940             .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
1941                 irq: serial_irq as InterruptIndex,
1942             })
1943             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?;
1944 
1945         let serial = Arc::new(Mutex::new(devices::legacy::Pl011::new(
1946             id.clone(),
1947             interrupt_group,
1948             serial_writer,
1949             self.timestamp,
1950             versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
1951                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
1952         )));
1953 
1954         self.bus_devices
1955             .push(Arc::clone(&serial) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>);
1956 
1957         let addr = arch::layout::LEGACY_SERIAL_MAPPED_IO_START;
1958 
1959         self.address_manager
1960             .mmio_bus
1961             .insert(serial.clone(), addr.0, MMIO_LEN)
1962             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
1963 
1964         self.id_to_dev_info.insert(
1965             (DeviceType::Serial, DeviceType::Serial.to_string()),
1966             MmioDeviceInfo {
1967                 addr: addr.0,
1968                 len: MMIO_LEN,
1969                 irq: serial_irq,
1970             },
1971         );
1972 
1973         self.cmdline_additions
1974             .push(format!("earlycon=pl011,mmio,0x{:08x}", addr.0));
1975 
1976         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
1977         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
1978         // existing entry.
1979         self.device_tree
1980             .lock()
1981             .unwrap()
1982             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, serial));
1983 
1984         Ok(serial)
1985     }
1986 
1987     fn modify_mode<F: FnOnce(&mut termios)>(
1988         &mut self,
1989         fd: RawFd,
1990         f: F,
1991     ) -> vmm_sys_util::errno::Result<()> {
1992         // SAFETY: safe because we check the return value of isatty.
1993         if unsafe { isatty(fd) } != 1 {
1994             return Ok(());
1995         }
1996 
1997         // SAFETY: The following pair are safe because termios gets totally overwritten by tcgetattr
1998         // and we check the return result.
1999         let mut termios: termios = unsafe { zeroed() };
2000         // SAFETY: see above
2001         let ret = unsafe { tcgetattr(fd, &mut termios as *mut _) };
2002         if ret < 0 {
2003             return vmm_sys_util::errno::errno_result();
2004         }
2005         let mut original_termios_opt = self.original_termios_opt.lock().unwrap();
2006         if original_termios_opt.is_none() {
2007             *original_termios_opt = Some(termios);
2008         }
2009         f(&mut termios);
2010         // SAFETY: Safe because the syscall will only read the extent of termios and we check
2011         // the return result.
2012         let ret = unsafe { tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &termios as *const _) };
2013         if ret < 0 {
2014             return vmm_sys_util::errno::errno_result();
2015         }
2016 
2017         Ok(())
2018     }
2019 
2020     fn set_raw_mode(&mut self, f: &dyn AsRawFd) -> vmm_sys_util::errno::Result<()> {
2021         // SAFETY: FFI call. Variable t is guaranteed to be a valid termios from modify_mode.
2022         self.modify_mode(f.as_raw_fd(), |t| unsafe { cfmakeraw(t) })
2023     }
2024 
2025     fn listen_for_sigwinch_on_tty(&mut self, pty_sub: File) -> std::io::Result<()> {
2026         let seccomp_filter = get_seccomp_filter(
2027             &self.seccomp_action,
2028             Thread::PtyForeground,
2029             self.hypervisor_type,
2030         )
2031         .unwrap();
2032 
2033         self.console_resize_pipe =
2034             Some(Arc::new(start_sigwinch_listener(seccomp_filter, pty_sub)?));
2035 
2036         Ok(())
2037     }
2038 
2039     fn add_virtio_console_device(
2040         &mut self,
2041         virtio_devices: &mut Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>,
2042         console_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
2043         resize_pipe: Option<File>,
2044     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Option<Arc<virtio_devices::ConsoleResizer>>> {
2045         let console_config = self.config.lock().unwrap().console.clone();
2046         let endpoint = match console_config.mode {
2047             ConsoleOutputMode::File => {
2048                 let file = File::create(console_config.file.as_ref().unwrap())
2049                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::ConsoleOutputFileOpen)?;
2050                 Endpoint::File(file)
2051             }
2052             ConsoleOutputMode::Pty => {
2053                 if let Some(pty) = console_pty {
2054                     self.config.lock().unwrap().console.file = Some(pty.path.clone());
2055                     let file = pty.main.try_clone().unwrap();
2056                     self.console_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(pty)));
2057                     self.console_resize_pipe = resize_pipe.map(Arc::new);
2058                     Endpoint::PtyPair(file.try_clone().unwrap(), file)
2059                 } else {
2060                     let (main, sub, path) =
2061                         create_pty().map_err(DeviceManagerError::ConsolePtyOpen)?;
2062                     self.set_raw_mode(&sub)
2063                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::SetPtyRaw)?;
2064                     self.config.lock().unwrap().console.file = Some(path.clone());
2065                     let file = main.try_clone().unwrap();
2066                     assert!(resize_pipe.is_none());
2067                     self.listen_for_sigwinch_on_tty(sub).unwrap();
2068                     self.console_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(PtyPair { main, path })));
2069                     Endpoint::PtyPair(file.try_clone().unwrap(), file)
2070                 }
2071             }
2072             ConsoleOutputMode::Tty => {
2073                 // Duplicating the file descriptors like this is needed as otherwise
2074                 // they will be closed on a reboot and the numbers reused
2075 
2076                 // SAFETY: FFI call to dup. Trivially safe.
2077                 let stdout = unsafe { libc::dup(libc::STDOUT_FILENO) };
2078                 if stdout == -1 {
2079                     return vmm_sys_util::errno::errno_result().map_err(DeviceManagerError::DupFd);
2080                 }
2081                 // SAFETY: stdout is valid and owned solely by us.
2082                 let stdout = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(stdout) };
2083 
2084                 // Make sure stdout is in raw mode, if it's a terminal.
2085                 let _ = self.set_raw_mode(&stdout);
2086 
2087                 // SAFETY: FFI call. Trivially safe.
2088                 if unsafe { libc::isatty(libc::STDOUT_FILENO) } == 1 {
2089                     self.listen_for_sigwinch_on_tty(stdout.try_clone().unwrap())
2090                         .unwrap();
2091                 }
2092 
2093                 // If an interactive TTY then we can accept input
2094                 // SAFETY: FFI call. Trivially safe.
2095                 if unsafe { libc::isatty(libc::STDIN_FILENO) == 1 } {
2096                     // SAFETY: FFI call to dup. Trivially safe.
2097                     let stdin = unsafe { libc::dup(libc::STDIN_FILENO) };
2098                     if stdin == -1 {
2099                         return vmm_sys_util::errno::errno_result()
2100                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::DupFd);
2101                     }
2102                     // SAFETY: stdin is valid and owned solely by us.
2103                     let stdin = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(stdin) };
2104 
2105                     Endpoint::FilePair(stdout, stdin)
2106                 } else {
2107                     Endpoint::File(stdout)
2108                 }
2109             }
2110             ConsoleOutputMode::Socket => {
2111                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::NoSocketOptionSupportForConsoleDevice);
2112             }
2113             ConsoleOutputMode::Null => Endpoint::Null,
2114             ConsoleOutputMode::Off => return Ok(None),
2115         };
2116         let id = String::from(CONSOLE_DEVICE_NAME);
2117 
2118         let (virtio_console_device, console_resizer) = virtio_devices::Console::new(
2119             id.clone(),
2120             endpoint,
2121             self.console_resize_pipe
2122                 .as_ref()
2123                 .map(|p| p.try_clone().unwrap()),
2124             self.force_iommu | console_config.iommu,
2125             self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2126             self.exit_evt
2127                 .try_clone()
2128                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2129             versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
2130                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2131         )
2132         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioConsole)?;
2133         let virtio_console_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(virtio_console_device));
2134         virtio_devices.push(MetaVirtioDevice {
2135             virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_console_device)
2136                 as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2137             iommu: console_config.iommu,
2138             id: id.clone(),
2139             pci_segment: 0,
2140             dma_handler: None,
2141         });
2142 
2143         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
2144         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
2145         // existing entry.
2146         self.device_tree
2147             .lock()
2148             .unwrap()
2149             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, virtio_console_device));
2150 
2151         // Only provide a resizer (for SIGWINCH handling) if the console is attached to the TTY
2152         Ok(if matches!(console_config.mode, ConsoleOutputMode::Tty) {
2153             Some(console_resizer)
2154         } else {
2155             None
2156         })
2157     }
2158 
2159     /// Adds all devices that behave like a console with respect to the VM
2160     /// configuration. This includes:
2161     /// - debug-console
2162     /// - serial-console
2163     /// - virtio-console
2164     fn add_console_devices(
2165         &mut self,
2166         interrupt_manager: &Arc<dyn InterruptManager<GroupConfig = LegacyIrqGroupConfig>>,
2167         virtio_devices: &mut Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>,
2168         serial_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
2169         console_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
2170         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")] debug_console_pty: Option<PtyPair>,
2171         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "x86_64"))] _: Option<PtyPair>,
2172         console_resize_pipe: Option<File>,
2173     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Console>> {
2174         let serial_config = self.config.lock().unwrap().serial.clone();
2175         let serial_writer: Option<Box<dyn io::Write + Send>> = match serial_config.mode {
2176             ConsoleOutputMode::File => Some(Box::new(
2177                 File::create(serial_config.file.as_ref().unwrap())
2178                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::SerialOutputFileOpen)?,
2179             )),
2180             ConsoleOutputMode::Pty => {
2181                 if let Some(pty) = serial_pty.clone() {
2182                     self.config.lock().unwrap().serial.file = Some(pty.path.clone());
2183                     self.serial_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(pty)));
2184                 } else {
2185                     let (main, sub, path) =
2186                         create_pty().map_err(DeviceManagerError::SerialPtyOpen)?;
2187                     self.set_raw_mode(&sub)
2188                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::SetPtyRaw)?;
2189                     self.config.lock().unwrap().serial.file = Some(path.clone());
2190                     self.serial_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(PtyPair { main, path })));
2191                 }
2192                 None
2193             }
2194             ConsoleOutputMode::Tty => {
2195                 let out = stdout();
2196                 let _ = self.set_raw_mode(&out);
2197                 Some(Box::new(out))
2198             }
2199             ConsoleOutputMode::Off | ConsoleOutputMode::Null | ConsoleOutputMode::Socket => None,
2200         };
2201         if serial_config.mode != ConsoleOutputMode::Off {
2202             let serial = self.add_serial_device(interrupt_manager, serial_writer)?;
2203             self.serial_manager = match serial_config.mode {
2204                 ConsoleOutputMode::Pty | ConsoleOutputMode::Tty | ConsoleOutputMode::Socket => {
2205                     let serial_manager = SerialManager::new(
2206                         serial,
2207                         self.serial_pty.clone(),
2208                         serial_config.mode,
2209                         serial_config.socket,
2210                     )
2211                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateSerialManager)?;
2212                     if let Some(mut serial_manager) = serial_manager {
2213                         serial_manager
2214                             .start_thread(
2215                                 self.exit_evt
2216                                     .try_clone()
2217                                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2218                             )
2219                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::SpawnSerialManager)?;
2220                         Some(Arc::new(serial_manager))
2221                     } else {
2222                         None
2223                     }
2224                 }
2225                 _ => None,
2226             };
2227         }
2228 
2229         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
2230         {
2231             let debug_console_config = self.config.lock().unwrap().debug_console.clone();
2232             let debug_console_writer: Option<Box<dyn io::Write + Send>> = match debug_console_config
2233                 .mode
2234             {
2235                 ConsoleOutputMode::File => Some(Box::new(
2236                     File::create(debug_console_config.file.as_ref().unwrap())
2237                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::DebugconOutputFileOpen)?,
2238                 )),
2239                 ConsoleOutputMode::Pty => {
2240                     if let Some(pty) = debug_console_pty {
2241                         self.config.lock().unwrap().debug_console.file = Some(pty.path.clone());
2242                         self.debug_console_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(pty)));
2243                     } else {
2244                         let (main, sub, path) =
2245                             create_pty().map_err(DeviceManagerError::DebugconPtyOpen)?;
2246                         self.set_raw_mode(&sub)
2247                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::SetPtyRaw)?;
2248                         self.config.lock().unwrap().debug_console.file = Some(path.clone());
2249                         self.debug_console_pty = Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(PtyPair { main, path })));
2250                     }
2251                     None
2252                 }
2253                 ConsoleOutputMode::Tty => {
2254                     let out = stdout();
2255                     let _ = self.set_raw_mode(&out);
2256                     Some(Box::new(out))
2257                 }
2258                 ConsoleOutputMode::Off | ConsoleOutputMode::Null | ConsoleOutputMode::Socket => {
2259                     None
2260                 }
2261             };
2262             if let Some(writer) = debug_console_writer {
2263                 let _ = self.add_debug_console_device(writer)?;
2264             }
2265         }
2266 
2267         let console_resizer =
2268             self.add_virtio_console_device(virtio_devices, console_pty, console_resize_pipe)?;
2269 
2270         Ok(Arc::new(Console { console_resizer }))
2271     }
2272 
2273     fn add_tpm_device(
2274         &mut self,
2275         tpm_path: PathBuf,
2276     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<Mutex<devices::tpm::Tpm>>> {
2277         // Create TPM Device
2278         let tpm = devices::tpm::Tpm::new(tpm_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string()).map_err(|e| {
2279             DeviceManagerError::CreateTpmDevice(anyhow!("Failed to create TPM Device : {:?}", e))
2280         })?;
2281         let tpm = Arc::new(Mutex::new(tpm));
2282 
2283         // Add TPM Device to mmio
2284         self.address_manager
2285             .mmio_bus
2286             .insert(
2287                 tpm.clone(),
2288                 arch::layout::TPM_START.0,
2289                 arch::layout::TPM_SIZE,
2290             )
2291             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::BusError)?;
2292 
2293         Ok(tpm)
2294     }
2295 
2296     fn make_virtio_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
2297         let mut devices: Vec<MetaVirtioDevice> = Vec::new();
2298 
2299         // Create "standard" virtio devices (net/block/rng)
2300         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_block_devices()?);
2301         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_net_devices()?);
2302         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_rng_devices()?);
2303 
2304         // Add virtio-fs if required
2305         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_fs_devices()?);
2306 
2307         // Add virtio-pmem if required
2308         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_pmem_devices()?);
2309 
2310         // Add virtio-vsock if required
2311         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_vsock_devices()?);
2312 
2313         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_mem_devices()?);
2314 
2315         // Add virtio-balloon if required
2316         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_balloon_devices()?);
2317 
2318         // Add virtio-watchdog device
2319         devices.append(&mut self.make_virtio_watchdog_devices()?);
2320 
2321         // Add vDPA devices if required
2322         devices.append(&mut self.make_vdpa_devices()?);
2323 
2324         Ok(devices)
2325     }
2326 
2327     // Cache whether aio is supported to avoid checking for very block device
2328     fn aio_is_supported(&mut self) -> bool {
2329         if let Some(supported) = self.aio_supported {
2330             return supported;
2331         }
2332 
2333         let supported = block_aio_is_supported();
2334         self.aio_supported = Some(supported);
2335         supported
2336     }
2337 
2338     // Cache whether io_uring is supported to avoid probing for very block device
2339     fn io_uring_is_supported(&mut self) -> bool {
2340         if let Some(supported) = self.io_uring_supported {
2341             return supported;
2342         }
2343 
2344         let supported = block_io_uring_is_supported();
2345         self.io_uring_supported = Some(supported);
2346         supported
2347     }
2348 
2349     fn make_virtio_block_device(
2350         &mut self,
2351         disk_cfg: &mut DiskConfig,
2352     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
2353         let id = if let Some(id) = &disk_cfg.id {
2354             id.clone()
2355         } else {
2356             let id = self.next_device_name(DISK_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
2357             disk_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
2358             id
2359         };
2360 
2361         info!("Creating virtio-block device: {:?}", disk_cfg);
2362 
2363         let snapshot = snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str());
2364 
2365         let (virtio_device, migratable_device) = if disk_cfg.vhost_user {
2366             let socket = disk_cfg.vhost_socket.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
2367             let vu_cfg = VhostUserConfig {
2368                 socket,
2369                 num_queues: disk_cfg.num_queues,
2370                 queue_size: disk_cfg.queue_size,
2371             };
2372             let vhost_user_block = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2373                 match virtio_devices::vhost_user::Blk::new(
2374                     id.clone(),
2375                     vu_cfg,
2376                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2377                     self.exit_evt
2378                         .try_clone()
2379                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2380                     self.force_iommu,
2381                     snapshot
2382                         .map(|s| s.to_versioned_state())
2383                         .transpose()
2384                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2385                 ) {
2386                     Ok(vub_device) => vub_device,
2387                     Err(e) => {
2388                         return Err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVhostUserBlk(e));
2389                     }
2390                 },
2391             ));
2392 
2393             (
2394                 Arc::clone(&vhost_user_block) as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2395                 vhost_user_block as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>,
2396             )
2397         } else {
2398             let mut options = OpenOptions::new();
2399             options.read(true);
2400             options.write(!disk_cfg.readonly);
2401             if disk_cfg.direct {
2402                 options.custom_flags(libc::O_DIRECT);
2403             }
2404             // Open block device path
2405             let mut file: File = options
2406                 .open(
2407                     disk_cfg
2408                         .path
2409                         .as_ref()
2410                         .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::NoDiskPath)?
2411                         .clone(),
2412                 )
2413                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::Disk)?;
2414             let image_type =
2415                 detect_image_type(&mut file).map_err(DeviceManagerError::DetectImageType)?;
2416 
2417             let image = match image_type {
2418                 ImageType::FixedVhd => {
2419                     // Use asynchronous backend relying on io_uring if the
2420                     // syscalls are supported.
2421                     if cfg!(feature = "io_uring")
2422                         && !disk_cfg.disable_io_uring
2423                         && self.io_uring_is_supported()
2424                     {
2425                         info!("Using asynchronous fixed VHD disk file (io_uring)");
2426 
2427                         #[cfg(not(feature = "io_uring"))]
2428                         unreachable!("Checked in if statement above");
2429                         #[cfg(feature = "io_uring")]
2430                         {
2431                             Box::new(
2432                                 FixedVhdDiskAsync::new(file)
2433                                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateFixedVhdDiskAsync)?,
2434                             ) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2435                         }
2436                     } else {
2437                         info!("Using synchronous fixed VHD disk file");
2438                         Box::new(
2439                             FixedVhdDiskSync::new(file)
2440                                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateFixedVhdDiskSync)?,
2441                         ) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2442                     }
2443                 }
2444                 ImageType::Raw => {
2445                     // Use asynchronous backend relying on io_uring if the
2446                     // syscalls are supported.
2447                     if cfg!(feature = "io_uring")
2448                         && !disk_cfg.disable_io_uring
2449                         && self.io_uring_is_supported()
2450                     {
2451                         info!("Using asynchronous RAW disk file (io_uring)");
2452 
2453                         #[cfg(not(feature = "io_uring"))]
2454                         unreachable!("Checked in if statement above");
2455                         #[cfg(feature = "io_uring")]
2456                         {
2457                             Box::new(RawFileDisk::new(file)) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2458                         }
2459                     } else if !disk_cfg.disable_aio && self.aio_is_supported() {
2460                         info!("Using asynchronous RAW disk file (aio)");
2461                         Box::new(RawFileDiskAio::new(file)) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2462                     } else {
2463                         info!("Using synchronous RAW disk file");
2464                         Box::new(RawFileDiskSync::new(file)) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2465                     }
2466                 }
2467                 ImageType::Qcow2 => {
2468                     info!("Using synchronous QCOW disk file");
2469                     Box::new(
2470                         QcowDiskSync::new(file, disk_cfg.direct)
2471                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateQcowDiskSync)?,
2472                     ) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2473                 }
2474                 ImageType::Vhdx => {
2475                     info!("Using synchronous VHDX disk file");
2476                     Box::new(
2477                         VhdxDiskSync::new(file)
2478                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateFixedVhdxDiskSync)?,
2479                     ) as Box<dyn DiskFile>
2480                 }
2481             };
2482 
2483             let rate_limit_group =
2484                 if let Some(rate_limiter_cfg) = disk_cfg.rate_limiter_config.as_ref() {
2485                     // Create an anonymous RateLimiterGroup that is dropped when the Disk
2486                     // is dropped.
2487                     let bw = rate_limiter_cfg.bandwidth.unwrap_or_default();
2488                     let ops = rate_limiter_cfg.ops.unwrap_or_default();
2489                     let mut rate_limit_group = RateLimiterGroup::new(
2490                         disk_cfg.id.as_ref().unwrap(),
2491                         bw.size,
2492                         bw.one_time_burst.unwrap_or(0),
2493                         bw.refill_time,
2494                         ops.size,
2495                         ops.one_time_burst.unwrap_or(0),
2496                         ops.refill_time,
2497                     )
2498                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RateLimiterGroupCreate)?;
2499 
2500                     rate_limit_group
2501                         .start_thread(
2502                             self.exit_evt
2503                                 .try_clone()
2504                                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2505                         )
2506                         .unwrap();
2507 
2508                     Some(Arc::new(rate_limit_group))
2509                 } else if let Some(rate_limit_group) = disk_cfg.rate_limit_group.as_ref() {
2510                     self.rate_limit_groups.get(rate_limit_group).cloned()
2511                 } else {
2512                     None
2513                 };
2514 
2515             let virtio_block = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2516                 virtio_devices::Block::new(
2517                     id.clone(),
2518                     image,
2519                     disk_cfg
2520                         .path
2521                         .as_ref()
2522                         .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::NoDiskPath)?
2523                         .clone(),
2524                     disk_cfg.readonly,
2525                     self.force_iommu | disk_cfg.iommu,
2526                     disk_cfg.num_queues,
2527                     disk_cfg.queue_size,
2528                     disk_cfg.serial.clone(),
2529                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2530                     rate_limit_group,
2531                     self.exit_evt
2532                         .try_clone()
2533                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2534                     snapshot
2535                         .map(|s| s.to_versioned_state())
2536                         .transpose()
2537                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2538                 )
2539                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioBlock)?,
2540             ));
2541 
2542             (
2543                 Arc::clone(&virtio_block) as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2544                 virtio_block as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>,
2545             )
2546         };
2547 
2548         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
2549         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
2550         // existing entry.
2551         self.device_tree
2552             .lock()
2553             .unwrap()
2554             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, migratable_device));
2555 
2556         Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
2557             virtio_device,
2558             iommu: disk_cfg.iommu,
2559             id,
2560             pci_segment: disk_cfg.pci_segment,
2561             dma_handler: None,
2562         })
2563     }
2564 
2565     fn make_virtio_block_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
2566         let mut devices = Vec::new();
2567 
2568         let mut block_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().disks.clone();
2569         if let Some(disk_list_cfg) = &mut block_devices {
2570             for disk_cfg in disk_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
2571                 devices.push(self.make_virtio_block_device(disk_cfg)?);
2572             }
2573         }
2574         self.config.lock().unwrap().disks = block_devices;
2575 
2576         Ok(devices)
2577     }
2578 
2579     fn make_virtio_net_device(
2580         &mut self,
2581         net_cfg: &mut NetConfig,
2582     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
2583         let id = if let Some(id) = &net_cfg.id {
2584             id.clone()
2585         } else {
2586             let id = self.next_device_name(NET_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
2587             net_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
2588             id
2589         };
2590         info!("Creating virtio-net device: {:?}", net_cfg);
2591 
2592         let snapshot = snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str());
2593 
2594         let (virtio_device, migratable_device) = if net_cfg.vhost_user {
2595             let socket = net_cfg.vhost_socket.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
2596             let vu_cfg = VhostUserConfig {
2597                 socket,
2598                 num_queues: net_cfg.num_queues,
2599                 queue_size: net_cfg.queue_size,
2600             };
2601             let server = match net_cfg.vhost_mode {
2602                 VhostMode::Client => false,
2603                 VhostMode::Server => true,
2604             };
2605             let vhost_user_net = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2606                 match virtio_devices::vhost_user::Net::new(
2607                     id.clone(),
2608                     net_cfg.mac,
2609                     net_cfg.mtu,
2610                     vu_cfg,
2611                     server,
2612                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2613                     self.exit_evt
2614                         .try_clone()
2615                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2616                     self.force_iommu,
2617                     snapshot
2618                         .map(|s| s.to_versioned_state())
2619                         .transpose()
2620                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2621                     net_cfg.offload_tso,
2622                     net_cfg.offload_ufo,
2623                     net_cfg.offload_csum,
2624                 ) {
2625                     Ok(vun_device) => vun_device,
2626                     Err(e) => {
2627                         return Err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVhostUserNet(e));
2628                     }
2629                 },
2630             ));
2631 
2632             (
2633                 Arc::clone(&vhost_user_net) as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2634                 vhost_user_net as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>,
2635             )
2636         } else {
2637             let state = snapshot
2638                 .map(|s| s.to_versioned_state())
2639                 .transpose()
2640                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?;
2641 
2642             let virtio_net = if let Some(ref tap_if_name) = net_cfg.tap {
2643                 Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2644                     virtio_devices::Net::new(
2645                         id.clone(),
2646                         Some(tap_if_name),
2647                         Some(net_cfg.ip),
2648                         Some(net_cfg.mask),
2649                         Some(net_cfg.mac),
2650                         &mut net_cfg.host_mac,
2651                         net_cfg.mtu,
2652                         self.force_iommu | net_cfg.iommu,
2653                         net_cfg.num_queues,
2654                         net_cfg.queue_size,
2655                         self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2656                         net_cfg.rate_limiter_config,
2657                         self.exit_evt
2658                             .try_clone()
2659                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2660                         state,
2661                         net_cfg.offload_tso,
2662                         net_cfg.offload_ufo,
2663                         net_cfg.offload_csum,
2664                     )
2665                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioNet)?,
2666                 ))
2667             } else if let Some(fds) = &net_cfg.fds {
2668                 let net = virtio_devices::Net::from_tap_fds(
2669                     id.clone(),
2670                     fds,
2671                     Some(net_cfg.mac),
2672                     net_cfg.mtu,
2673                     self.force_iommu | net_cfg.iommu,
2674                     net_cfg.queue_size,
2675                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2676                     net_cfg.rate_limiter_config,
2677                     self.exit_evt
2678                         .try_clone()
2679                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2680                     state,
2681                     net_cfg.offload_tso,
2682                     net_cfg.offload_ufo,
2683                     net_cfg.offload_csum,
2684                 )
2685                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioNet)?;
2686 
2687                 // SAFETY: 'fds' are valid because TAP devices are created successfully
2688                 unsafe {
2689                     self.config.lock().unwrap().add_preserved_fds(fds.clone());
2690                 }
2691 
2692                 Arc::new(Mutex::new(net))
2693             } else {
2694                 Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2695                     virtio_devices::Net::new(
2696                         id.clone(),
2697                         None,
2698                         Some(net_cfg.ip),
2699                         Some(net_cfg.mask),
2700                         Some(net_cfg.mac),
2701                         &mut net_cfg.host_mac,
2702                         net_cfg.mtu,
2703                         self.force_iommu | net_cfg.iommu,
2704                         net_cfg.num_queues,
2705                         net_cfg.queue_size,
2706                         self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2707                         net_cfg.rate_limiter_config,
2708                         self.exit_evt
2709                             .try_clone()
2710                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2711                         state,
2712                         net_cfg.offload_tso,
2713                         net_cfg.offload_ufo,
2714                         net_cfg.offload_csum,
2715                     )
2716                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioNet)?,
2717                 ))
2718             };
2719 
2720             (
2721                 Arc::clone(&virtio_net) as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2722                 virtio_net as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>,
2723             )
2724         };
2725 
2726         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
2727         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
2728         // existing entry.
2729         self.device_tree
2730             .lock()
2731             .unwrap()
2732             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, migratable_device));
2733 
2734         Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
2735             virtio_device,
2736             iommu: net_cfg.iommu,
2737             id,
2738             pci_segment: net_cfg.pci_segment,
2739             dma_handler: None,
2740         })
2741     }
2742 
2743     /// Add virto-net and vhost-user-net devices
2744     fn make_virtio_net_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
2745         let mut devices = Vec::new();
2746         let mut net_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().net.clone();
2747         if let Some(net_list_cfg) = &mut net_devices {
2748             for net_cfg in net_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
2749                 devices.push(self.make_virtio_net_device(net_cfg)?);
2750             }
2751         }
2752         self.config.lock().unwrap().net = net_devices;
2753 
2754         Ok(devices)
2755     }
2756 
2757     fn make_virtio_rng_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
2758         let mut devices = Vec::new();
2759 
2760         // Add virtio-rng if required
2761         let rng_config = self.config.lock().unwrap().rng.clone();
2762         if let Some(rng_path) = rng_config.src.to_str() {
2763             info!("Creating virtio-rng device: {:?}", rng_config);
2764             let id = String::from(RNG_DEVICE_NAME);
2765 
2766             let virtio_rng_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2767                 virtio_devices::Rng::new(
2768                     id.clone(),
2769                     rng_path,
2770                     self.force_iommu | rng_config.iommu,
2771                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2772                     self.exit_evt
2773                         .try_clone()
2774                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2775                     versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
2776                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2777                 )
2778                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioRng)?,
2779             ));
2780             devices.push(MetaVirtioDevice {
2781                 virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_rng_device)
2782                     as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2783                 iommu: rng_config.iommu,
2784                 id: id.clone(),
2785                 pci_segment: 0,
2786                 dma_handler: None,
2787             });
2788 
2789             // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
2790             // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
2791             // existing entry.
2792             self.device_tree
2793                 .lock()
2794                 .unwrap()
2795                 .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, virtio_rng_device));
2796         }
2797 
2798         Ok(devices)
2799     }
2800 
2801     fn make_virtio_fs_device(
2802         &mut self,
2803         fs_cfg: &mut FsConfig,
2804     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
2805         let id = if let Some(id) = &fs_cfg.id {
2806             id.clone()
2807         } else {
2808             let id = self.next_device_name(FS_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
2809             fs_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
2810             id
2811         };
2812 
2813         info!("Creating virtio-fs device: {:?}", fs_cfg);
2814 
2815         let mut node = device_node!(id);
2816 
2817         if let Some(fs_socket) = fs_cfg.socket.to_str() {
2818             let virtio_fs_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
2819                 virtio_devices::vhost_user::Fs::new(
2820                     id.clone(),
2821                     fs_socket,
2822                     &fs_cfg.tag,
2823                     fs_cfg.num_queues,
2824                     fs_cfg.queue_size,
2825                     None,
2826                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
2827                     self.exit_evt
2828                         .try_clone()
2829                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
2830                     self.force_iommu,
2831                     versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
2832                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
2833                 )
2834                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioFs)?,
2835             ));
2836 
2837             // Update the device tree with the migratable device.
2838             node.migratable = Some(Arc::clone(&virtio_fs_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>);
2839             self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().insert(id.clone(), node);
2840 
2841             Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
2842                 virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_fs_device)
2843                     as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
2844                 iommu: false,
2845                 id,
2846                 pci_segment: fs_cfg.pci_segment,
2847                 dma_handler: None,
2848             })
2849         } else {
2850             Err(DeviceManagerError::NoVirtioFsSock)
2851         }
2852     }
2853 
2854     fn make_virtio_fs_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
2855         let mut devices = Vec::new();
2856 
2857         let mut fs_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().fs.clone();
2858         if let Some(fs_list_cfg) = &mut fs_devices {
2859             for fs_cfg in fs_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
2860                 devices.push(self.make_virtio_fs_device(fs_cfg)?);
2861             }
2862         }
2863         self.config.lock().unwrap().fs = fs_devices;
2864 
2865         Ok(devices)
2866     }
2867 
2868     fn make_virtio_pmem_device(
2869         &mut self,
2870         pmem_cfg: &mut PmemConfig,
2871     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
2872         let id = if let Some(id) = &pmem_cfg.id {
2873             id.clone()
2874         } else {
2875             let id = self.next_device_name(PMEM_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
2876             pmem_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
2877             id
2878         };
2879 
2880         info!("Creating virtio-pmem device: {:?}", pmem_cfg);
2881 
2882         let mut node = device_node!(id);
2883 
2884         // Look for the id in the device tree. If it can be found, that means
2885         // the device is being restored, otherwise it's created from scratch.
2886         let region_range = if let Some(node) = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().get(&id) {
2887             info!("Restoring virtio-pmem {} resources", id);
2888 
2889             let mut region_range: Option<(u64, u64)> = None;
2890             for resource in node.resources.iter() {
2891                 match resource {
2892                     Resource::MmioAddressRange { base, size } => {
2893                         if region_range.is_some() {
2894                             return Err(DeviceManagerError::ResourceAlreadyExists);
2895                         }
2896 
2897                         region_range = Some((*base, *size));
2898                     }
2899                     _ => {
2900                         error!("Unexpected resource {:?} for {}", resource, id);
2901                     }
2902                 }
2903             }
2904 
2905             if region_range.is_none() {
2906                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::MissingVirtioPmemResources);
2907             }
2908 
2909             region_range
2910         } else {
2911             None
2912         };
2913 
2914         let (custom_flags, set_len) = if pmem_cfg.file.is_dir() {
2915             if pmem_cfg.size.is_none() {
2916                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::PmemWithDirectorySizeMissing);
2917             }
2918             (O_TMPFILE, true)
2919         } else {
2920             (0, false)
2921         };
2922 
2923         let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
2924             .read(true)
2925             .write(!pmem_cfg.discard_writes)
2926             .custom_flags(custom_flags)
2927             .open(&pmem_cfg.file)
2928             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PmemFileOpen)?;
2929 
2930         let size = if let Some(size) = pmem_cfg.size {
2931             if set_len {
2932                 file.set_len(size)
2933                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PmemFileSetLen)?;
2934             }
2935             size
2936         } else {
2937             file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))
2938                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PmemFileSetLen)?
2939         };
2940 
2941         if size % 0x20_0000 != 0 {
2942             return Err(DeviceManagerError::PmemSizeNotAligned);
2943         }
2944 
2945         let (region_base, region_size) = if let Some((base, size)) = region_range {
2946             // The memory needs to be 2MiB aligned in order to support
2947             // hugepages.
2948             self.pci_segments[pmem_cfg.pci_segment as usize]
2949                 .mem64_allocator
2950                 .lock()
2951                 .unwrap()
2952                 .allocate(
2953                     Some(GuestAddress(base)),
2954                     size as GuestUsize,
2955                     Some(0x0020_0000),
2956                 )
2957                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::PmemRangeAllocation)?;
2958 
2959             (base, size)
2960         } else {
2961             // The memory needs to be 2MiB aligned in order to support
2962             // hugepages.
2963             let base = self.pci_segments[pmem_cfg.pci_segment as usize]
2964                 .mem64_allocator
2965                 .lock()
2966                 .unwrap()
2967                 .allocate(None, size as GuestUsize, Some(0x0020_0000))
2968                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::PmemRangeAllocation)?;
2969 
2970             (base.raw_value(), size)
2971         };
2972 
2973         let cloned_file = file.try_clone().map_err(DeviceManagerError::CloneFile)?;
2974         let mmap_region = MmapRegion::build(
2975             Some(FileOffset::new(cloned_file, 0)),
2976             region_size as usize,
2977             PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
2978             MAP_NORESERVE
2979                 | if pmem_cfg.discard_writes {
2980                     MAP_PRIVATE
2981                 } else {
2982                     MAP_SHARED
2983                 },
2984         )
2985         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::NewMmapRegion)?;
2986         let host_addr: u64 = mmap_region.as_ptr() as u64;
2987 
2988         let mem_slot = self
2989             .memory_manager
2990             .lock()
2991             .unwrap()
2992             .create_userspace_mapping(region_base, region_size, host_addr, false, false, false)
2993             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::MemoryManager)?;
2994 
2995         let mapping = virtio_devices::UserspaceMapping {
2996             host_addr,
2997             mem_slot,
2998             addr: GuestAddress(region_base),
2999             len: region_size,
3000             mergeable: false,
3001         };
3002 
3003         let virtio_pmem_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3004             virtio_devices::Pmem::new(
3005                 id.clone(),
3006                 file,
3007                 GuestAddress(region_base),
3008                 mapping,
3009                 mmap_region,
3010                 self.force_iommu | pmem_cfg.iommu,
3011                 self.seccomp_action.clone(),
3012                 self.exit_evt
3013                     .try_clone()
3014                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3015                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
3016                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3017             )
3018             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioPmem)?,
3019         ));
3020 
3021         // Update the device tree with correct resource information and with
3022         // the migratable device.
3023         node.resources.push(Resource::MmioAddressRange {
3024             base: region_base,
3025             size: region_size,
3026         });
3027         node.migratable = Some(Arc::clone(&virtio_pmem_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>);
3028         self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().insert(id.clone(), node);
3029 
3030         Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
3031             virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_pmem_device)
3032                 as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3033             iommu: pmem_cfg.iommu,
3034             id,
3035             pci_segment: pmem_cfg.pci_segment,
3036             dma_handler: None,
3037         })
3038     }
3039 
3040     fn make_virtio_pmem_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3041         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3042         // Add virtio-pmem if required
3043         let mut pmem_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().pmem.clone();
3044         if let Some(pmem_list_cfg) = &mut pmem_devices {
3045             for pmem_cfg in pmem_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
3046                 devices.push(self.make_virtio_pmem_device(pmem_cfg)?);
3047             }
3048         }
3049         self.config.lock().unwrap().pmem = pmem_devices;
3050 
3051         Ok(devices)
3052     }
3053 
3054     fn make_virtio_vsock_device(
3055         &mut self,
3056         vsock_cfg: &mut VsockConfig,
3057     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
3058         let id = if let Some(id) = &vsock_cfg.id {
3059             id.clone()
3060         } else {
3061             let id = self.next_device_name(VSOCK_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
3062             vsock_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
3063             id
3064         };
3065 
3066         info!("Creating virtio-vsock device: {:?}", vsock_cfg);
3067 
3068         let socket_path = vsock_cfg
3069             .socket
3070             .to_str()
3071             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::CreateVsockConvertPath)?;
3072         let backend =
3073             virtio_devices::vsock::VsockUnixBackend::new(vsock_cfg.cid, socket_path.to_string())
3074                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVsockBackend)?;
3075 
3076         let vsock_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3077             virtio_devices::Vsock::new(
3078                 id.clone(),
3079                 vsock_cfg.cid,
3080                 vsock_cfg.socket.clone(),
3081                 backend,
3082                 self.force_iommu | vsock_cfg.iommu,
3083                 self.seccomp_action.clone(),
3084                 self.exit_evt
3085                     .try_clone()
3086                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3087                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
3088                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3089             )
3090             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioVsock)?,
3091         ));
3092 
3093         // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
3094         // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
3095         // existing entry.
3096         self.device_tree
3097             .lock()
3098             .unwrap()
3099             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, vsock_device));
3100 
3101         Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
3102             virtio_device: Arc::clone(&vsock_device)
3103                 as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3104             iommu: vsock_cfg.iommu,
3105             id,
3106             pci_segment: vsock_cfg.pci_segment,
3107             dma_handler: None,
3108         })
3109     }
3110 
3111     fn make_virtio_vsock_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3112         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3113 
3114         let mut vsock = self.config.lock().unwrap().vsock.clone();
3115         if let Some(ref mut vsock_cfg) = &mut vsock {
3116             devices.push(self.make_virtio_vsock_device(vsock_cfg)?);
3117         }
3118         self.config.lock().unwrap().vsock = vsock;
3119 
3120         Ok(devices)
3121     }
3122 
3123     fn make_virtio_mem_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3124         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3125 
3126         let mm = self.memory_manager.clone();
3127         let mut mm = mm.lock().unwrap();
3128         for (memory_zone_id, memory_zone) in mm.memory_zones_mut().iter_mut() {
3129             if let Some(virtio_mem_zone) = memory_zone.virtio_mem_zone_mut() {
3130                 info!("Creating virtio-mem device: id = {}", memory_zone_id);
3131 
3132                 let node_id = numa_node_id_from_memory_zone_id(&self.numa_nodes, memory_zone_id)
3133                     .map(|i| i as u16);
3134 
3135                 let virtio_mem_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3136                     virtio_devices::Mem::new(
3137                         memory_zone_id.clone(),
3138                         virtio_mem_zone.region(),
3139                         self.seccomp_action.clone(),
3140                         node_id,
3141                         virtio_mem_zone.hotplugged_size(),
3142                         virtio_mem_zone.hugepages(),
3143                         self.exit_evt
3144                             .try_clone()
3145                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3146                         virtio_mem_zone.blocks_state().clone(),
3147                         versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), memory_zone_id.as_str())
3148                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3149                     )
3150                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioMem)?,
3151                 ));
3152 
3153                 // Update the virtio-mem zone so that it has a handle onto the
3154                 // virtio-mem device, which will be used for triggering a resize
3155                 // if needed.
3156                 virtio_mem_zone.set_virtio_device(Arc::clone(&virtio_mem_device));
3157 
3158                 self.virtio_mem_devices.push(Arc::clone(&virtio_mem_device));
3159 
3160                 devices.push(MetaVirtioDevice {
3161                     virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_mem_device)
3162                         as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3163                     iommu: false,
3164                     id: memory_zone_id.clone(),
3165                     pci_segment: 0,
3166                     dma_handler: None,
3167                 });
3168 
3169                 // Fill the device tree with a new node. In case of restore, we
3170                 // know there is nothing to do, so we can simply override the
3171                 // existing entry.
3172                 self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().insert(
3173                     memory_zone_id.clone(),
3174                     device_node!(memory_zone_id, virtio_mem_device),
3175                 );
3176             }
3177         }
3178 
3179         Ok(devices)
3180     }
3181 
3182     fn make_virtio_balloon_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3183         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3184 
3185         if let Some(balloon_config) = &self.config.lock().unwrap().balloon {
3186             let id = String::from(BALLOON_DEVICE_NAME);
3187             info!("Creating virtio-balloon device: id = {}", id);
3188 
3189             let virtio_balloon_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3190                 virtio_devices::Balloon::new(
3191                     id.clone(),
3192                     balloon_config.size,
3193                     balloon_config.deflate_on_oom,
3194                     balloon_config.free_page_reporting,
3195                     self.seccomp_action.clone(),
3196                     self.exit_evt
3197                         .try_clone()
3198                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3199                     versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
3200                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3201                 )
3202                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioBalloon)?,
3203             ));
3204 
3205             self.balloon = Some(virtio_balloon_device.clone());
3206 
3207             devices.push(MetaVirtioDevice {
3208                 virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_balloon_device)
3209                     as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3210                 iommu: false,
3211                 id: id.clone(),
3212                 pci_segment: 0,
3213                 dma_handler: None,
3214             });
3215 
3216             self.device_tree
3217                 .lock()
3218                 .unwrap()
3219                 .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, virtio_balloon_device));
3220         }
3221 
3222         Ok(devices)
3223     }
3224 
3225     fn make_virtio_watchdog_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3226         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3227 
3228         if !self.config.lock().unwrap().watchdog {
3229             return Ok(devices);
3230         }
3231 
3232         let id = String::from(WATCHDOG_DEVICE_NAME);
3233         info!("Creating virtio-watchdog device: id = {}", id);
3234 
3235         let virtio_watchdog_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3236             virtio_devices::Watchdog::new(
3237                 id.clone(),
3238                 self.reset_evt.try_clone().unwrap(),
3239                 self.seccomp_action.clone(),
3240                 self.exit_evt
3241                     .try_clone()
3242                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3243                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
3244                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3245             )
3246             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVirtioWatchdog)?,
3247         ));
3248         devices.push(MetaVirtioDevice {
3249             virtio_device: Arc::clone(&virtio_watchdog_device)
3250                 as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3251             iommu: false,
3252             id: id.clone(),
3253             pci_segment: 0,
3254             dma_handler: None,
3255         });
3256 
3257         self.device_tree
3258             .lock()
3259             .unwrap()
3260             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, virtio_watchdog_device));
3261 
3262         Ok(devices)
3263     }
3264 
3265     fn make_vdpa_device(
3266         &mut self,
3267         vdpa_cfg: &mut VdpaConfig,
3268     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<MetaVirtioDevice> {
3269         let id = if let Some(id) = &vdpa_cfg.id {
3270             id.clone()
3271         } else {
3272             let id = self.next_device_name(VDPA_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
3273             vdpa_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
3274             id
3275         };
3276 
3277         info!("Creating vDPA device: {:?}", vdpa_cfg);
3278 
3279         let device_path = vdpa_cfg
3280             .path
3281             .to_str()
3282             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::CreateVdpaConvertPath)?;
3283 
3284         let vdpa_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3285             virtio_devices::Vdpa::new(
3286                 id.clone(),
3287                 device_path,
3288                 self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory(),
3289                 vdpa_cfg.num_queues as u16,
3290                 versioned_state_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str())
3291                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RestoreGetState)?,
3292             )
3293             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateVdpa)?,
3294         ));
3295 
3296         // Create the DMA handler that is required by the vDPA device
3297         let vdpa_mapping = Arc::new(VdpaDmaMapping::new(
3298             Arc::clone(&vdpa_device),
3299             Arc::new(self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory()),
3300         ));
3301 
3302         self.device_tree
3303             .lock()
3304             .unwrap()
3305             .insert(id.clone(), device_node!(id, vdpa_device));
3306 
3307         Ok(MetaVirtioDevice {
3308             virtio_device: vdpa_device as Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3309             iommu: vdpa_cfg.iommu,
3310             id,
3311             pci_segment: vdpa_cfg.pci_segment,
3312             dma_handler: Some(vdpa_mapping),
3313         })
3314     }
3315 
3316     fn make_vdpa_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<MetaVirtioDevice>> {
3317         let mut devices = Vec::new();
3318         // Add vdpa if required
3319         let mut vdpa_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().vdpa.clone();
3320         if let Some(vdpa_list_cfg) = &mut vdpa_devices {
3321             for vdpa_cfg in vdpa_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
3322                 devices.push(self.make_vdpa_device(vdpa_cfg)?);
3323             }
3324         }
3325         self.config.lock().unwrap().vdpa = vdpa_devices;
3326 
3327         Ok(devices)
3328     }
3329 
3330     fn next_device_name(&mut self, prefix: &str) -> DeviceManagerResult<String> {
3331         let start_id = self.device_id_cnt;
3332         loop {
3333             // Generate the temporary name.
3334             let name = format!("{}{}", prefix, self.device_id_cnt);
3335             // Increment the counter.
3336             self.device_id_cnt += Wrapping(1);
3337             // Check if the name is already in use.
3338             if !self.boot_id_list.contains(&name)
3339                 && !self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().contains_key(&name)
3340             {
3341                 return Ok(name);
3342             }
3343 
3344             if self.device_id_cnt == start_id {
3345                 // We went through a full loop and there's nothing else we can
3346                 // do.
3347                 break;
3348             }
3349         }
3350         Err(DeviceManagerError::NoAvailableDeviceName)
3351     }
3352 
3353     fn add_passthrough_device(
3354         &mut self,
3355         device_cfg: &mut DeviceConfig,
3356     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<(PciBdf, String)> {
3357         // If the passthrough device has not been created yet, it is created
3358         // here and stored in the DeviceManager structure for future needs.
3359         if self.passthrough_device.is_none() {
3360             self.passthrough_device = Some(
3361                 self.address_manager
3362                     .vm
3363                     .create_passthrough_device()
3364                     .map_err(|e| DeviceManagerError::CreatePassthroughDevice(e.into()))?,
3365             );
3366         }
3367 
3368         self.add_vfio_device(device_cfg)
3369     }
3370 
3371     fn create_vfio_container(&self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Arc<VfioContainer>> {
3372         let passthrough_device = self
3373             .passthrough_device
3374             .as_ref()
3375             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::NoDevicePassthroughSupport)?;
3376 
3377         let dup = passthrough_device
3378             .try_clone()
3379             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioCreate)?;
3380 
3381         Ok(Arc::new(
3382             VfioContainer::new(Some(Arc::new(dup))).map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioCreate)?,
3383         ))
3384     }
3385 
3386     fn add_vfio_device(
3387         &mut self,
3388         device_cfg: &mut DeviceConfig,
3389     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<(PciBdf, String)> {
3390         let vfio_name = if let Some(id) = &device_cfg.id {
3391             id.clone()
3392         } else {
3393             let id = self.next_device_name(VFIO_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
3394             device_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
3395             id
3396         };
3397 
3398         let (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, resources) =
3399             self.pci_resources(&vfio_name, device_cfg.pci_segment)?;
3400 
3401         let mut needs_dma_mapping = false;
3402 
3403         // Here we create a new VFIO container for two reasons. Either this is
3404         // the first VFIO device, meaning we need a new VFIO container, which
3405         // will be shared with other VFIO devices. Or the new VFIO device is
3406         // attached to a vIOMMU, meaning we must create a dedicated VFIO
3407         // container. In the vIOMMU use case, we can't let all devices under
3408         // the same VFIO container since we couldn't map/unmap memory for each
3409         // device. That's simply because the map/unmap operations happen at the
3410         // VFIO container level.
3411         let vfio_container = if device_cfg.iommu {
3412             let vfio_container = self.create_vfio_container()?;
3413 
3414             let vfio_mapping = Arc::new(VfioDmaMapping::new(
3415                 Arc::clone(&vfio_container),
3416                 Arc::new(self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory()),
3417             ));
3418 
3419             if let Some(iommu) = &self.iommu_device {
3420                 iommu
3421                     .lock()
3422                     .unwrap()
3423                     .add_external_mapping(pci_device_bdf.into(), vfio_mapping);
3424             } else {
3425                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::MissingVirtualIommu);
3426             }
3427 
3428             vfio_container
3429         } else if let Some(vfio_container) = &self.vfio_container {
3430             Arc::clone(vfio_container)
3431         } else {
3432             let vfio_container = self.create_vfio_container()?;
3433             needs_dma_mapping = true;
3434             self.vfio_container = Some(Arc::clone(&vfio_container));
3435 
3436             vfio_container
3437         };
3438 
3439         let vfio_device = VfioDevice::new(&device_cfg.path, Arc::clone(&vfio_container))
3440             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioCreate)?;
3441 
3442         if needs_dma_mapping {
3443             // Register DMA mapping in IOMMU.
3444             // Do not register virtio-mem regions, as they are handled directly by
3445             // virtio-mem device itself.
3446             for (_, zone) in self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().memory_zones().iter() {
3447                 for region in zone.regions() {
3448                     vfio_container
3449                         .vfio_dma_map(
3450                             region.start_addr().raw_value(),
3451                             region.len(),
3452                             region.as_ptr() as u64,
3453                         )
3454                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioDmaMap)?;
3455                 }
3456             }
3457 
3458             let vfio_mapping = Arc::new(VfioDmaMapping::new(
3459                 Arc::clone(&vfio_container),
3460                 Arc::new(self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory()),
3461             ));
3462 
3463             for virtio_mem_device in self.virtio_mem_devices.iter() {
3464                 virtio_mem_device
3465                     .lock()
3466                     .unwrap()
3467                     .add_dma_mapping_handler(
3468                         VirtioMemMappingSource::Container,
3469                         vfio_mapping.clone(),
3470                     )
3471                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AddDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem)?;
3472             }
3473         }
3474 
3475         let legacy_interrupt_group =
3476             if let Some(legacy_interrupt_manager) = &self.legacy_interrupt_manager {
3477                 Some(
3478                     legacy_interrupt_manager
3479                         .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
3480                             irq: self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize].pci_irq_slots
3481                                 [pci_device_bdf.device() as usize]
3482                                 as InterruptIndex,
3483                         })
3484                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?,
3485                 )
3486             } else {
3487                 None
3488             };
3489 
3490         let memory_manager = self.memory_manager.clone();
3491 
3492         let vfio_pci_device = VfioPciDevice::new(
3493             vfio_name.clone(),
3494             &self.address_manager.vm,
3495             vfio_device,
3496             vfio_container,
3497             self.msi_interrupt_manager.clone(),
3498             legacy_interrupt_group,
3499             device_cfg.iommu,
3500             pci_device_bdf,
3501             Arc::new(move || memory_manager.lock().unwrap().allocate_memory_slot()),
3502             vm_migration::snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), vfio_name.as_str()),
3503         )
3504         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioPciCreate)?;
3505 
3506         let vfio_pci_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vfio_pci_device));
3507 
3508         let new_resources = self.add_pci_device(
3509             vfio_pci_device.clone(),
3510             vfio_pci_device.clone(),
3511             pci_segment_id,
3512             pci_device_bdf,
3513             resources,
3514         )?;
3515 
3516         vfio_pci_device
3517             .lock()
3518             .unwrap()
3519             .map_mmio_regions()
3520             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioMapRegion)?;
3521 
3522         let mut node = device_node!(vfio_name, vfio_pci_device);
3523 
3524         // Update the device tree with correct resource information.
3525         node.resources = new_resources;
3526         node.pci_bdf = Some(pci_device_bdf);
3527         node.pci_device_handle = Some(PciDeviceHandle::Vfio(vfio_pci_device));
3528 
3529         self.device_tree
3530             .lock()
3531             .unwrap()
3532             .insert(vfio_name.clone(), node);
3533 
3534         Ok((pci_device_bdf, vfio_name))
3535     }
3536 
3537     fn add_pci_device(
3538         &mut self,
3539         bus_device: Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
3540         pci_device: Arc<Mutex<dyn PciDevice>>,
3541         segment_id: u16,
3542         bdf: PciBdf,
3543         resources: Option<Vec<Resource>>,
3544     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<Resource>> {
3545         let bars = pci_device
3546             .lock()
3547             .unwrap()
3548             .allocate_bars(
3549                 &self.address_manager.allocator,
3550                 &mut self.pci_segments[segment_id as usize]
3551                     .mem32_allocator
3552                     .lock()
3553                     .unwrap(),
3554                 &mut self.pci_segments[segment_id as usize]
3555                     .mem64_allocator
3556                     .lock()
3557                     .unwrap(),
3558                 resources,
3559             )
3560             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AllocateBars)?;
3561 
3562         let mut pci_bus = self.pci_segments[segment_id as usize]
3563             .pci_bus
3564             .lock()
3565             .unwrap();
3566 
3567         pci_bus
3568             .add_device(bdf.device() as u32, pci_device)
3569             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AddPciDevice)?;
3570 
3571         self.bus_devices.push(Arc::clone(&bus_device));
3572 
3573         pci_bus
3574             .register_mapping(
3575                 bus_device,
3576                 #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
3577                 self.address_manager.io_bus.as_ref(),
3578                 self.address_manager.mmio_bus.as_ref(),
3579                 bars.clone(),
3580             )
3581             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AddPciDevice)?;
3582 
3583         let mut new_resources = Vec::new();
3584         for bar in bars {
3585             new_resources.push(Resource::PciBar {
3586                 index: bar.idx(),
3587                 base: bar.addr(),
3588                 size: bar.size(),
3589                 type_: bar.region_type().into(),
3590                 prefetchable: bar.prefetchable().into(),
3591             });
3592         }
3593 
3594         Ok(new_resources)
3595     }
3596 
3597     fn add_vfio_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<PciBdf>> {
3598         let mut iommu_attached_device_ids = Vec::new();
3599         let mut devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().devices.clone();
3600 
3601         if let Some(device_list_cfg) = &mut devices {
3602             for device_cfg in device_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
3603                 let (device_id, _) = self.add_passthrough_device(device_cfg)?;
3604                 if device_cfg.iommu && self.iommu_device.is_some() {
3605                     iommu_attached_device_ids.push(device_id);
3606                 }
3607             }
3608         }
3609 
3610         // Update the list of devices
3611         self.config.lock().unwrap().devices = devices;
3612 
3613         Ok(iommu_attached_device_ids)
3614     }
3615 
3616     fn add_vfio_user_device(
3617         &mut self,
3618         device_cfg: &mut UserDeviceConfig,
3619     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<(PciBdf, String)> {
3620         let vfio_user_name = if let Some(id) = &device_cfg.id {
3621             id.clone()
3622         } else {
3623             let id = self.next_device_name(VFIO_USER_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX)?;
3624             device_cfg.id = Some(id.clone());
3625             id
3626         };
3627 
3628         let (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, resources) =
3629             self.pci_resources(&vfio_user_name, device_cfg.pci_segment)?;
3630 
3631         let legacy_interrupt_group =
3632             if let Some(legacy_interrupt_manager) = &self.legacy_interrupt_manager {
3633                 Some(
3634                     legacy_interrupt_manager
3635                         .create_group(LegacyIrqGroupConfig {
3636                             irq: self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize].pci_irq_slots
3637                                 [pci_device_bdf.device() as usize]
3638                                 as InterruptIndex,
3639                         })
3640                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::CreateInterruptGroup)?,
3641                 )
3642             } else {
3643                 None
3644             };
3645 
3646         let client = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3647             vfio_user::Client::new(&device_cfg.socket)
3648                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioUserCreateClient)?,
3649         ));
3650 
3651         let memory_manager = self.memory_manager.clone();
3652 
3653         let mut vfio_user_pci_device = VfioUserPciDevice::new(
3654             vfio_user_name.clone(),
3655             &self.address_manager.vm,
3656             client.clone(),
3657             self.msi_interrupt_manager.clone(),
3658             legacy_interrupt_group,
3659             pci_device_bdf,
3660             Arc::new(move || memory_manager.lock().unwrap().allocate_memory_slot()),
3661             vm_migration::snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), vfio_user_name.as_str()),
3662         )
3663         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioUserCreate)?;
3664 
3665         let memory = self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory();
3666         let vfio_user_mapping = Arc::new(VfioUserDmaMapping::new(client, Arc::new(memory)));
3667         for virtio_mem_device in self.virtio_mem_devices.iter() {
3668             virtio_mem_device
3669                 .lock()
3670                 .unwrap()
3671                 .add_dma_mapping_handler(
3672                     VirtioMemMappingSource::Device(pci_device_bdf.into()),
3673                     vfio_user_mapping.clone(),
3674                 )
3675                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AddDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem)?;
3676         }
3677 
3678         for (_, zone) in self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().memory_zones().iter() {
3679             for region in zone.regions() {
3680                 vfio_user_pci_device
3681                     .dma_map(region)
3682                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioUserDmaMap)?;
3683             }
3684         }
3685 
3686         let vfio_user_pci_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vfio_user_pci_device));
3687 
3688         let new_resources = self.add_pci_device(
3689             vfio_user_pci_device.clone(),
3690             vfio_user_pci_device.clone(),
3691             pci_segment_id,
3692             pci_device_bdf,
3693             resources,
3694         )?;
3695 
3696         // Note it is required to call 'add_pci_device()' in advance to have the list of
3697         // mmio regions provisioned correctly
3698         vfio_user_pci_device
3699             .lock()
3700             .unwrap()
3701             .map_mmio_regions()
3702             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioUserMapRegion)?;
3703 
3704         let mut node = device_node!(vfio_user_name, vfio_user_pci_device);
3705 
3706         // Update the device tree with correct resource information.
3707         node.resources = new_resources;
3708         node.pci_bdf = Some(pci_device_bdf);
3709         node.pci_device_handle = Some(PciDeviceHandle::VfioUser(vfio_user_pci_device));
3710 
3711         self.device_tree
3712             .lock()
3713             .unwrap()
3714             .insert(vfio_user_name.clone(), node);
3715 
3716         Ok((pci_device_bdf, vfio_user_name))
3717     }
3718 
3719     fn add_user_devices(&mut self) -> DeviceManagerResult<Vec<PciBdf>> {
3720         let mut user_devices = self.config.lock().unwrap().user_devices.clone();
3721 
3722         if let Some(device_list_cfg) = &mut user_devices {
3723             for device_cfg in device_list_cfg.iter_mut() {
3724                 let (_device_id, _id) = self.add_vfio_user_device(device_cfg)?;
3725             }
3726         }
3727 
3728         // Update the list of devices
3729         self.config.lock().unwrap().user_devices = user_devices;
3730 
3731         Ok(vec![])
3732     }
3733 
3734     fn add_virtio_pci_device(
3735         &mut self,
3736         virtio_device: Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>,
3737         iommu_mapping: &Option<Arc<IommuMapping>>,
3738         virtio_device_id: String,
3739         pci_segment_id: u16,
3740         dma_handler: Option<Arc<dyn ExternalDmaMapping>>,
3741     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciBdf> {
3742         let id = format!("{VIRTIO_PCI_DEVICE_NAME_PREFIX}-{virtio_device_id}");
3743 
3744         // Add the new virtio-pci node to the device tree.
3745         let mut node = device_node!(id);
3746         node.children = vec![virtio_device_id.clone()];
3747 
3748         let (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, resources) =
3749             self.pci_resources(&id, pci_segment_id)?;
3750 
3751         // Update the existing virtio node by setting the parent.
3752         if let Some(node) = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().get_mut(&virtio_device_id) {
3753             node.parent = Some(id.clone());
3754         } else {
3755             return Err(DeviceManagerError::MissingNode);
3756         }
3757 
3758         // Allows support for one MSI-X vector per queue. It also adds 1
3759         // as we need to take into account the dedicated vector to notify
3760         // about a virtio config change.
3761         let msix_num = (virtio_device.lock().unwrap().queue_max_sizes().len() + 1) as u16;
3762 
3763         // Create the AccessPlatform trait from the implementation IommuMapping.
3764         // This will provide address translation for any virtio device sitting
3765         // behind a vIOMMU.
3766         let access_platform: Option<Arc<dyn AccessPlatform>> = if let Some(mapping) = iommu_mapping
3767         {
3768             Some(Arc::new(AccessPlatformMapping::new(
3769                 pci_device_bdf.into(),
3770                 mapping.clone(),
3771             )))
3772         } else {
3773             None
3774         };
3775 
3776         let memory = self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().guest_memory();
3777 
3778         // Map DMA ranges if a DMA handler is available and if the device is
3779         // not attached to a virtual IOMMU.
3780         if let Some(dma_handler) = &dma_handler {
3781             if iommu_mapping.is_some() {
3782                 if let Some(iommu) = &self.iommu_device {
3783                     iommu
3784                         .lock()
3785                         .unwrap()
3786                         .add_external_mapping(pci_device_bdf.into(), dma_handler.clone());
3787                 } else {
3788                     return Err(DeviceManagerError::MissingVirtualIommu);
3789                 }
3790             } else {
3791                 // Let every virtio-mem device handle the DMA map/unmap through the
3792                 // DMA handler provided.
3793                 for virtio_mem_device in self.virtio_mem_devices.iter() {
3794                     virtio_mem_device
3795                         .lock()
3796                         .unwrap()
3797                         .add_dma_mapping_handler(
3798                             VirtioMemMappingSource::Device(pci_device_bdf.into()),
3799                             dma_handler.clone(),
3800                         )
3801                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AddDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem)?;
3802                 }
3803 
3804                 // Do not register virtio-mem regions, as they are handled directly by
3805                 // virtio-mem devices.
3806                 for (_, zone) in self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().memory_zones().iter() {
3807                     for region in zone.regions() {
3808                         let gpa = region.start_addr().0;
3809                         let size = region.len();
3810                         dma_handler
3811                             .map(gpa, gpa, size)
3812                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioDmaMap)?;
3813                     }
3814                 }
3815             }
3816         }
3817 
3818         let device_type = virtio_device.lock().unwrap().device_type();
3819         let virtio_pci_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
3820             VirtioPciDevice::new(
3821                 id.clone(),
3822                 memory,
3823                 virtio_device,
3824                 msix_num,
3825                 access_platform,
3826                 &self.msi_interrupt_manager,
3827                 pci_device_bdf.into(),
3828                 self.activate_evt
3829                     .try_clone()
3830                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::EventFd)?,
3831                 // All device types *except* virtio block devices should be allocated a 64-bit bar
3832                 // The block devices should be given a 32-bit BAR so that they are easily accessible
3833                 // to firmware without requiring excessive identity mapping.
3834                 // The exception being if not on the default PCI segment.
3835                 pci_segment_id > 0 || device_type != VirtioDeviceType::Block as u32,
3836                 dma_handler,
3837                 self.pending_activations.clone(),
3838                 vm_migration::snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str()),
3839             )
3840             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioDevice)?,
3841         ));
3842 
3843         let new_resources = self.add_pci_device(
3844             virtio_pci_device.clone(),
3845             virtio_pci_device.clone(),
3846             pci_segment_id,
3847             pci_device_bdf,
3848             resources,
3849         )?;
3850 
3851         let bar_addr = virtio_pci_device.lock().unwrap().config_bar_addr();
3852         for (event, addr) in virtio_pci_device.lock().unwrap().ioeventfds(bar_addr) {
3853             let io_addr = IoEventAddress::Mmio(addr);
3854             self.address_manager
3855                 .vm
3856                 .register_ioevent(event, &io_addr, None)
3857                 .map_err(|e| DeviceManagerError::RegisterIoevent(e.into()))?;
3858         }
3859 
3860         // Update the device tree with correct resource information.
3861         node.resources = new_resources;
3862         node.migratable = Some(Arc::clone(&virtio_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn Migratable>>);
3863         node.pci_bdf = Some(pci_device_bdf);
3864         node.pci_device_handle = Some(PciDeviceHandle::Virtio(virtio_pci_device));
3865         self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().insert(id, node);
3866 
3867         Ok(pci_device_bdf)
3868     }
3869 
3870     fn add_pvpanic_device(
3871         &mut self,
3872     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<Option<Arc<Mutex<devices::PvPanicDevice>>>> {
3873         let id = String::from(PVPANIC_DEVICE_NAME);
3874         let pci_segment_id = 0x0_u16;
3875 
3876         info!("Creating pvpanic device {}", id);
3877 
3878         let (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, resources) =
3879             self.pci_resources(&id, pci_segment_id)?;
3880 
3881         let snapshot = snapshot_from_id(self.snapshot.as_ref(), id.as_str());
3882 
3883         let pvpanic_device = devices::PvPanicDevice::new(id.clone(), snapshot)
3884             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PvPanicCreate)?;
3885 
3886         let pvpanic_device = Arc::new(Mutex::new(pvpanic_device));
3887 
3888         let new_resources = self.add_pci_device(
3889             pvpanic_device.clone(),
3890             pvpanic_device.clone(),
3891             pci_segment_id,
3892             pci_device_bdf,
3893             resources,
3894         )?;
3895 
3896         let mut node = device_node!(id, pvpanic_device);
3897 
3898         node.resources = new_resources;
3899         node.pci_bdf = Some(pci_device_bdf);
3900         node.pci_device_handle = None;
3901 
3902         self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().insert(id, node);
3903 
3904         Ok(Some(pvpanic_device))
3905     }
3906 
3907     fn pci_resources(
3908         &self,
3909         id: &str,
3910         pci_segment_id: u16,
3911     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<(u16, PciBdf, Option<Vec<Resource>>)> {
3912         // Look for the id in the device tree. If it can be found, that means
3913         // the device is being restored, otherwise it's created from scratch.
3914         Ok(
3915             if let Some(node) = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().get(id) {
3916                 info!("Restoring virtio-pci {} resources", id);
3917                 let pci_device_bdf: PciBdf = node
3918                     .pci_bdf
3919                     .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingDeviceNodePciBdf)?;
3920                 let pci_segment_id = pci_device_bdf.segment();
3921 
3922                 self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize]
3923                     .pci_bus
3924                     .lock()
3925                     .unwrap()
3926                     .get_device_id(pci_device_bdf.device() as usize)
3927                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::GetPciDeviceId)?;
3928 
3929                 (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, Some(node.resources.clone()))
3930             } else {
3931                 let pci_device_bdf =
3932                     self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize].next_device_bdf()?;
3933 
3934                 (pci_segment_id, pci_device_bdf, None)
3935             },
3936         )
3937     }
3938 
3939     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
3940     pub fn io_bus(&self) -> &Arc<Bus> {
3941         &self.address_manager.io_bus
3942     }
3943 
3944     pub fn mmio_bus(&self) -> &Arc<Bus> {
3945         &self.address_manager.mmio_bus
3946     }
3947 
3948     pub fn allocator(&self) -> &Arc<Mutex<SystemAllocator>> {
3949         &self.address_manager.allocator
3950     }
3951 
3952     pub fn interrupt_controller(&self) -> Option<Arc<Mutex<dyn InterruptController>>> {
3953         self.interrupt_controller
3954             .as_ref()
3955             .map(|ic| ic.clone() as Arc<Mutex<dyn InterruptController>>)
3956     }
3957 
3958     pub(crate) fn pci_segments(&self) -> &Vec<PciSegment> {
3959         &self.pci_segments
3960     }
3961 
3962     pub fn console(&self) -> &Arc<Console> {
3963         &self.console
3964     }
3965 
3966     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
3967     pub fn cmdline_additions(&self) -> &[String] {
3968         self.cmdline_additions.as_slice()
3969     }
3970 
3971     pub fn update_memory(&self, new_region: &Arc<GuestRegionMmap>) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
3972         for handle in self.virtio_devices.iter() {
3973             handle
3974                 .virtio_device
3975                 .lock()
3976                 .unwrap()
3977                 .add_memory_region(new_region)
3978                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::UpdateMemoryForVirtioDevice)?;
3979 
3980             if let Some(dma_handler) = &handle.dma_handler {
3981                 if !handle.iommu {
3982                     let gpa = new_region.start_addr().0;
3983                     let size = new_region.len();
3984                     dma_handler
3985                         .map(gpa, gpa, size)
3986                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioDmaMap)?;
3987                 }
3988             }
3989         }
3990 
3991         // Take care of updating the memory for VFIO PCI devices.
3992         if let Some(vfio_container) = &self.vfio_container {
3993             vfio_container
3994                 .vfio_dma_map(
3995                     new_region.start_addr().raw_value(),
3996                     new_region.len(),
3997                     new_region.as_ptr() as u64,
3998                 )
3999                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::UpdateMemoryForVfioPciDevice)?;
4000         }
4001 
4002         // Take care of updating the memory for vfio-user devices.
4003         {
4004             let device_tree = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap();
4005             for pci_device_node in device_tree.pci_devices() {
4006                 if let PciDeviceHandle::VfioUser(vfio_user_pci_device) = pci_device_node
4007                     .pci_device_handle
4008                     .as_ref()
4009                     .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingPciDevice)?
4010                 {
4011                     vfio_user_pci_device
4012                         .lock()
4013                         .unwrap()
4014                         .dma_map(new_region)
4015                         .map_err(DeviceManagerError::UpdateMemoryForVfioUserPciDevice)?;
4016                 }
4017             }
4018         }
4019 
4020         Ok(())
4021     }
4022 
4023     pub fn activate_virtio_devices(&self) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4024         for mut activator in self.pending_activations.lock().unwrap().drain(..) {
4025             activator
4026                 .activate()
4027                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioActivate)?;
4028         }
4029         Ok(())
4030     }
4031 
4032     pub fn notify_hotplug(
4033         &self,
4034         _notification_type: AcpiNotificationFlags,
4035     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4036         return self
4037             .ged_notification_device
4038             .as_ref()
4039             .unwrap()
4040             .lock()
4041             .unwrap()
4042             .notify(_notification_type)
4043             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::HotPlugNotification);
4044     }
4045 
4046     pub fn add_device(
4047         &mut self,
4048         device_cfg: &mut DeviceConfig,
4049     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4050         self.validate_identifier(&device_cfg.id)?;
4051 
4052         if device_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(device_cfg.pci_segment) {
4053             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4054         }
4055 
4056         let (bdf, device_name) = self.add_passthrough_device(device_cfg)?;
4057 
4058         // Update the PCIU bitmap
4059         self.pci_segments[device_cfg.pci_segment as usize].pci_devices_up |= 1 << bdf.device();
4060 
4061         Ok(PciDeviceInfo {
4062             id: device_name,
4063             bdf,
4064         })
4065     }
4066 
4067     pub fn add_user_device(
4068         &mut self,
4069         device_cfg: &mut UserDeviceConfig,
4070     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4071         self.validate_identifier(&device_cfg.id)?;
4072 
4073         let (bdf, device_name) = self.add_vfio_user_device(device_cfg)?;
4074 
4075         // Update the PCIU bitmap
4076         self.pci_segments[device_cfg.pci_segment as usize].pci_devices_up |= 1 << bdf.device();
4077 
4078         Ok(PciDeviceInfo {
4079             id: device_name,
4080             bdf,
4081         })
4082     }
4083 
4084     pub fn remove_device(&mut self, id: String) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4085         // The node can be directly a PCI node in case the 'id' refers to a
4086         // VFIO device or a virtio-pci one.
4087         // In case the 'id' refers to a virtio device, we must find the PCI
4088         // node by looking at the parent.
4089         let device_tree = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap();
4090         let node = device_tree
4091             .get(&id)
4092             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::UnknownDeviceId(id))?;
4093 
4094         let pci_device_node = if node.pci_bdf.is_some() && node.pci_device_handle.is_some() {
4095             node
4096         } else {
4097             let parent = node
4098                 .parent
4099                 .as_ref()
4100                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingNode)?;
4101             device_tree
4102                 .get(parent)
4103                 .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingNode)?
4104         };
4105 
4106         let pci_device_bdf: PciBdf = pci_device_node
4107             .pci_bdf
4108             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingDeviceNodePciBdf)?;
4109         let pci_segment_id = pci_device_bdf.segment();
4110 
4111         let pci_device_handle = pci_device_node
4112             .pci_device_handle
4113             .as_ref()
4114             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingPciDevice)?;
4115         #[allow(irrefutable_let_patterns)]
4116         if let PciDeviceHandle::Virtio(virtio_pci_device) = pci_device_handle {
4117             let device_type = VirtioDeviceType::from(
4118                 virtio_pci_device
4119                     .lock()
4120                     .unwrap()
4121                     .virtio_device()
4122                     .lock()
4123                     .unwrap()
4124                     .device_type(),
4125             );
4126             match device_type {
4127                 VirtioDeviceType::Net
4128                 | VirtioDeviceType::Block
4129                 | VirtioDeviceType::Pmem
4130                 | VirtioDeviceType::Fs
4131                 | VirtioDeviceType::Vsock => {}
4132                 _ => return Err(DeviceManagerError::RemovalNotAllowed(device_type)),
4133             }
4134         }
4135 
4136         // Update the PCID bitmap
4137         self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize].pci_devices_down |= 1 << pci_device_bdf.device();
4138 
4139         Ok(())
4140     }
4141 
4142     pub fn eject_device(&mut self, pci_segment_id: u16, device_id: u8) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4143         info!(
4144             "Ejecting device_id = {} on segment_id={}",
4145             device_id, pci_segment_id
4146         );
4147 
4148         // Convert the device ID into the corresponding b/d/f.
4149         let pci_device_bdf = PciBdf::new(pci_segment_id, 0, device_id, 0);
4150 
4151         // Give the PCI device ID back to the PCI bus.
4152         self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize]
4153             .pci_bus
4154             .lock()
4155             .unwrap()
4156             .put_device_id(device_id as usize)
4157             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PutPciDeviceId)?;
4158 
4159         // Remove the device from the device tree along with its children.
4160         let mut device_tree = self.device_tree.lock().unwrap();
4161         let pci_device_node = device_tree
4162             .remove_node_by_pci_bdf(pci_device_bdf)
4163             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingPciDevice)?;
4164 
4165         // For VFIO and vfio-user the PCI device id is the id.
4166         // For virtio we overwrite it later as we want the id of the
4167         // underlying device.
4168         let mut id = pci_device_node.id;
4169         let pci_device_handle = pci_device_node
4170             .pci_device_handle
4171             .ok_or(DeviceManagerError::MissingPciDevice)?;
4172         if matches!(pci_device_handle, PciDeviceHandle::Virtio(_)) {
4173             // The virtio-pci device has a single child
4174             if !pci_device_node.children.is_empty() {
4175                 assert_eq!(pci_device_node.children.len(), 1);
4176                 let child_id = &pci_device_node.children[0];
4177                 id = child_id.clone();
4178             }
4179         }
4180         for child in pci_device_node.children.iter() {
4181             device_tree.remove(child);
4182         }
4183 
4184         let mut iommu_attached = false;
4185         if let Some((_, iommu_attached_devices)) = &self.iommu_attached_devices {
4186             if iommu_attached_devices.contains(&pci_device_bdf) {
4187                 iommu_attached = true;
4188             }
4189         }
4190 
4191         let (pci_device, bus_device, virtio_device, remove_dma_handler) = match pci_device_handle {
4192             // No need to remove any virtio-mem mapping here as the container outlives all devices
4193             PciDeviceHandle::Vfio(vfio_pci_device) => (
4194                 Arc::clone(&vfio_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn PciDevice>>,
4195                 Arc::clone(&vfio_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
4196                 None as Option<Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>>,
4197                 false,
4198             ),
4199             PciDeviceHandle::Virtio(virtio_pci_device) => {
4200                 let dev = virtio_pci_device.lock().unwrap();
4201                 let bar_addr = dev.config_bar_addr();
4202                 for (event, addr) in dev.ioeventfds(bar_addr) {
4203                     let io_addr = IoEventAddress::Mmio(addr);
4204                     self.address_manager
4205                         .vm
4206                         .unregister_ioevent(event, &io_addr)
4207                         .map_err(|e| DeviceManagerError::UnRegisterIoevent(e.into()))?;
4208                 }
4209 
4210                 if let Some(dma_handler) = dev.dma_handler() {
4211                     if !iommu_attached {
4212                         for (_, zone) in self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().memory_zones().iter() {
4213                             for region in zone.regions() {
4214                                 let iova = region.start_addr().0;
4215                                 let size = region.len();
4216                                 dma_handler
4217                                     .unmap(iova, size)
4218                                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioDmaUnmap)?;
4219                             }
4220                         }
4221                     }
4222                 }
4223 
4224                 (
4225                     Arc::clone(&virtio_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn PciDevice>>,
4226                     Arc::clone(&virtio_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
4227                     Some(dev.virtio_device()),
4228                     dev.dma_handler().is_some() && !iommu_attached,
4229                 )
4230             }
4231             PciDeviceHandle::VfioUser(vfio_user_pci_device) => {
4232                 let mut dev = vfio_user_pci_device.lock().unwrap();
4233                 for (_, zone) in self.memory_manager.lock().unwrap().memory_zones().iter() {
4234                     for region in zone.regions() {
4235                         dev.dma_unmap(region)
4236                             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VfioUserDmaUnmap)?;
4237                     }
4238                 }
4239 
4240                 (
4241                     Arc::clone(&vfio_user_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn PciDevice>>,
4242                     Arc::clone(&vfio_user_pci_device) as Arc<Mutex<dyn BusDevice>>,
4243                     None as Option<Arc<Mutex<dyn virtio_devices::VirtioDevice>>>,
4244                     true,
4245                 )
4246             }
4247         };
4248 
4249         if remove_dma_handler {
4250             for virtio_mem_device in self.virtio_mem_devices.iter() {
4251                 virtio_mem_device
4252                     .lock()
4253                     .unwrap()
4254                     .remove_dma_mapping_handler(VirtioMemMappingSource::Device(
4255                         pci_device_bdf.into(),
4256                     ))
4257                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RemoveDmaMappingHandlerVirtioMem)?;
4258             }
4259         }
4260 
4261         // Free the allocated BARs
4262         pci_device
4263             .lock()
4264             .unwrap()
4265             .free_bars(
4266                 &mut self.address_manager.allocator.lock().unwrap(),
4267                 &mut self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize]
4268                     .mem32_allocator
4269                     .lock()
4270                     .unwrap(),
4271                 &mut self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize]
4272                     .mem64_allocator
4273                     .lock()
4274                     .unwrap(),
4275             )
4276             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::FreePciBars)?;
4277 
4278         // Remove the device from the PCI bus
4279         self.pci_segments[pci_segment_id as usize]
4280             .pci_bus
4281             .lock()
4282             .unwrap()
4283             .remove_by_device(&pci_device)
4284             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RemoveDeviceFromPciBus)?;
4285 
4286         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
4287         // Remove the device from the IO bus
4288         self.io_bus()
4289             .remove_by_device(&bus_device)
4290             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RemoveDeviceFromIoBus)?;
4291 
4292         // Remove the device from the MMIO bus
4293         self.mmio_bus()
4294             .remove_by_device(&bus_device)
4295             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::RemoveDeviceFromMmioBus)?;
4296 
4297         // Remove the device from the list of BusDevice held by the
4298         // DeviceManager.
4299         self.bus_devices
4300             .retain(|dev| !Arc::ptr_eq(dev, &bus_device));
4301 
4302         // Shutdown and remove the underlying virtio-device if present
4303         if let Some(virtio_device) = virtio_device {
4304             for mapping in virtio_device.lock().unwrap().userspace_mappings() {
4305                 self.memory_manager
4306                     .lock()
4307                     .unwrap()
4308                     .remove_userspace_mapping(
4309                         mapping.addr.raw_value(),
4310                         mapping.len,
4311                         mapping.host_addr,
4312                         mapping.mergeable,
4313                         mapping.mem_slot,
4314                     )
4315                     .map_err(DeviceManagerError::MemoryManager)?;
4316             }
4317 
4318             virtio_device.lock().unwrap().shutdown();
4319 
4320             self.virtio_devices
4321                 .retain(|handler| !Arc::ptr_eq(&handler.virtio_device, &virtio_device));
4322         }
4323 
4324         event!(
4325             "vm",
4326             "device-removed",
4327             "id",
4328             &id,
4329             "bdf",
4330             pci_device_bdf.to_string()
4331         );
4332 
4333         // At this point, the device has been removed from all the list and
4334         // buses where it was stored. At the end of this function, after
4335         // any_device, bus_device and pci_device are released, the actual
4336         // device will be dropped.
4337         Ok(())
4338     }
4339 
4340     fn hotplug_virtio_pci_device(
4341         &mut self,
4342         handle: MetaVirtioDevice,
4343     ) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4344         // Add the virtio device to the device manager list. This is important
4345         // as the list is used to notify virtio devices about memory updates
4346         // for instance.
4347         self.virtio_devices.push(handle.clone());
4348 
4349         let mapping: Option<Arc<IommuMapping>> = if handle.iommu {
4350             self.iommu_mapping.clone()
4351         } else {
4352             None
4353         };
4354 
4355         let bdf = self.add_virtio_pci_device(
4356             handle.virtio_device,
4357             &mapping,
4358             handle.id.clone(),
4359             handle.pci_segment,
4360             handle.dma_handler,
4361         )?;
4362 
4363         // Update the PCIU bitmap
4364         self.pci_segments[handle.pci_segment as usize].pci_devices_up |= 1 << bdf.device();
4365 
4366         Ok(PciDeviceInfo { id: handle.id, bdf })
4367     }
4368 
4369     fn is_iommu_segment(&self, pci_segment_id: u16) -> bool {
4370         self.config
4371             .lock()
4372             .as_ref()
4373             .unwrap()
4374             .platform
4375             .as_ref()
4376             .map(|pc| {
4377                 pc.iommu_segments
4378                     .as_ref()
4379                     .map(|v| v.contains(&pci_segment_id))
4380                     .unwrap_or_default()
4381             })
4382             .unwrap_or_default()
4383     }
4384 
4385     pub fn add_disk(&mut self, disk_cfg: &mut DiskConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4386         self.validate_identifier(&disk_cfg.id)?;
4387 
4388         if disk_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(disk_cfg.pci_segment) {
4389             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4390         }
4391 
4392         let device = self.make_virtio_block_device(disk_cfg)?;
4393         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4394     }
4395 
4396     pub fn add_fs(&mut self, fs_cfg: &mut FsConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4397         self.validate_identifier(&fs_cfg.id)?;
4398 
4399         let device = self.make_virtio_fs_device(fs_cfg)?;
4400         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4401     }
4402 
4403     pub fn add_pmem(&mut self, pmem_cfg: &mut PmemConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4404         self.validate_identifier(&pmem_cfg.id)?;
4405 
4406         if pmem_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(pmem_cfg.pci_segment) {
4407             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4408         }
4409 
4410         let device = self.make_virtio_pmem_device(pmem_cfg)?;
4411         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4412     }
4413 
4414     pub fn add_net(&mut self, net_cfg: &mut NetConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4415         self.validate_identifier(&net_cfg.id)?;
4416 
4417         if net_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(net_cfg.pci_segment) {
4418             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4419         }
4420 
4421         let device = self.make_virtio_net_device(net_cfg)?;
4422         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4423     }
4424 
4425     pub fn add_vdpa(&mut self, vdpa_cfg: &mut VdpaConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4426         self.validate_identifier(&vdpa_cfg.id)?;
4427 
4428         if vdpa_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(vdpa_cfg.pci_segment) {
4429             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4430         }
4431 
4432         let device = self.make_vdpa_device(vdpa_cfg)?;
4433         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4434     }
4435 
4436     pub fn add_vsock(&mut self, vsock_cfg: &mut VsockConfig) -> DeviceManagerResult<PciDeviceInfo> {
4437         self.validate_identifier(&vsock_cfg.id)?;
4438 
4439         if vsock_cfg.iommu && !self.is_iommu_segment(vsock_cfg.pci_segment) {
4440             return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIommuHotplug);
4441         }
4442 
4443         let device = self.make_virtio_vsock_device(vsock_cfg)?;
4444         self.hotplug_virtio_pci_device(device)
4445     }
4446 
4447     pub fn counters(&self) -> HashMap<String, HashMap<&'static str, Wrapping<u64>>> {
4448         let mut counters = HashMap::new();
4449 
4450         for handle in &self.virtio_devices {
4451             let virtio_device = handle.virtio_device.lock().unwrap();
4452             if let Some(device_counters) = virtio_device.counters() {
4453                 counters.insert(handle.id.clone(), device_counters.clone());
4454             }
4455         }
4456 
4457         counters
4458     }
4459 
4460     pub fn resize_balloon(&mut self, size: u64) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4461         if let Some(balloon) = &self.balloon {
4462             return balloon
4463                 .lock()
4464                 .unwrap()
4465                 .resize(size)
4466                 .map_err(DeviceManagerError::VirtioBalloonResize);
4467         }
4468 
4469         warn!("No balloon setup: Can't resize the balloon");
4470         Err(DeviceManagerError::MissingVirtioBalloon)
4471     }
4472 
4473     pub fn balloon_size(&self) -> u64 {
4474         if let Some(balloon) = &self.balloon {
4475             return balloon.lock().unwrap().get_actual();
4476         }
4477 
4478         0
4479     }
4480 
4481     pub fn device_tree(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<DeviceTree>> {
4482         self.device_tree.clone()
4483     }
4484 
4485     #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
4486     pub fn notify_power_button(&self) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4487         self.ged_notification_device
4488             .as_ref()
4489             .unwrap()
4490             .lock()
4491             .unwrap()
4492             .notify(AcpiNotificationFlags::POWER_BUTTON_CHANGED)
4493             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PowerButtonNotification)
4494     }
4495 
4496     #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4497     pub fn notify_power_button(&self) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4498         // There are two use cases:
4499         // 1. Users will use direct kernel boot with device tree.
4500         // 2. Users will use ACPI+UEFI boot.
4501 
4502         // Trigger a GPIO pin 3 event to satisfy use case 1.
4503         self.gpio_device
4504             .as_ref()
4505             .unwrap()
4506             .lock()
4507             .unwrap()
4508             .trigger_key(3)
4509             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::AArch64PowerButtonNotification)?;
4510         // Trigger a GED power button event to satisfy use case 2.
4511         return self
4512             .ged_notification_device
4513             .as_ref()
4514             .unwrap()
4515             .lock()
4516             .unwrap()
4517             .notify(AcpiNotificationFlags::POWER_BUTTON_CHANGED)
4518             .map_err(DeviceManagerError::PowerButtonNotification);
4519     }
4520 
4521     pub fn iommu_attached_devices(&self) -> &Option<(PciBdf, Vec<PciBdf>)> {
4522         &self.iommu_attached_devices
4523     }
4524 
4525     fn validate_identifier(&self, id: &Option<String>) -> DeviceManagerResult<()> {
4526         if let Some(id) = id {
4527             if id.starts_with("__") {
4528                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::InvalidIdentifier(id.clone()));
4529             }
4530 
4531             if self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().contains_key(id) {
4532                 return Err(DeviceManagerError::IdentifierNotUnique(id.clone()));
4533             }
4534         }
4535 
4536         Ok(())
4537     }
4538 
4539     pub(crate) fn acpi_platform_addresses(&self) -> &AcpiPlatformAddresses {
4540         &self.acpi_platform_addresses
4541     }
4542 }
4543 
4544 fn numa_node_id_from_memory_zone_id(numa_nodes: &NumaNodes, memory_zone_id: &str) -> Option<u32> {
4545     for (numa_node_id, numa_node) in numa_nodes.iter() {
4546         if numa_node.memory_zones.contains(&memory_zone_id.to_owned()) {
4547             return Some(*numa_node_id);
4548         }
4549     }
4550 
4551     None
4552 }
4553 
4554 fn numa_node_id_from_pci_segment_id(numa_nodes: &NumaNodes, pci_segment_id: u16) -> u32 {
4555     for (numa_node_id, numa_node) in numa_nodes.iter() {
4556         if numa_node.pci_segments.contains(&pci_segment_id) {
4557             return *numa_node_id;
4558         }
4559     }
4560 
4561     0
4562 }
4563 
4564 struct TpmDevice {}
4565 
4566 impl Aml for TpmDevice {
4567     fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn acpi_tables::AmlSink) {
4568         aml::Device::new(
4569             "TPM2".into(),
4570             vec![
4571                 &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &"MSFT0101"),
4572                 &aml::Name::new("_STA".into(), &(0xF_usize)),
4573                 &aml::Name::new(
4574                     "_CRS".into(),
4575                     &aml::ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&aml::Memory32Fixed::new(
4576                         true,
4577                         layout::TPM_START.0 as u32,
4578                         layout::TPM_SIZE as u32,
4579                     )]),
4580                 ),
4581             ],
4582         )
4583         .to_aml_bytes(sink)
4584     }
4585 }
4586 
4587 impl Aml for DeviceManager {
4588     fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn acpi_tables::AmlSink) {
4589         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4590         use arch::aarch64::DeviceInfoForFdt;
4591 
4592         let mut pci_scan_methods = Vec::new();
4593         for i in 0..self.pci_segments.len() {
4594             pci_scan_methods.push(aml::MethodCall::new(
4595                 format!("\\_SB_.PC{i:02X}.PCNT").as_str().into(),
4596                 vec![],
4597             ));
4598         }
4599         let mut pci_scan_inner: Vec<&dyn Aml> = Vec::new();
4600         for method in &pci_scan_methods {
4601             pci_scan_inner.push(method)
4602         }
4603 
4604         // PCI hotplug controller
4605         aml::Device::new(
4606             "_SB_.PHPR".into(),
4607             vec![
4608                 &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &aml::EISAName::new("PNP0A06")),
4609                 &aml::Name::new("_STA".into(), &0x0bu8),
4610                 &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &"PCI Hotplug Controller"),
4611                 &aml::Mutex::new("BLCK".into(), 0),
4612                 &aml::Name::new(
4613                     "_CRS".into(),
4614                     &aml::ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&aml::AddressSpace::new_memory(
4615                         aml::AddressSpaceCacheable::NotCacheable,
4616                         true,
4617                         self.acpi_address.0,
4618                         self.acpi_address.0 + DEVICE_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE as u64 - 1,
4619                         None,
4620                     )]),
4621                 ),
4622                 // OpRegion and Fields map MMIO range into individual field values
4623                 &aml::OpRegion::new(
4624                     "PCST".into(),
4625                     aml::OpRegionSpace::SystemMemory,
4626                     &(self.acpi_address.0 as usize),
4627                     &DEVICE_MANAGER_ACPI_SIZE,
4628                 ),
4629                 &aml::Field::new(
4630                     "PCST".into(),
4631                     aml::FieldAccessType::DWord,
4632                     aml::FieldLockRule::NoLock,
4633                     aml::FieldUpdateRule::WriteAsZeroes,
4634                     vec![
4635                         aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"PCIU", 32),
4636                         aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"PCID", 32),
4637                         aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"B0EJ", 32),
4638                         aml::FieldEntry::Named(*b"PSEG", 32),
4639                     ],
4640                 ),
4641                 &aml::Method::new(
4642                     "PCEJ".into(),
4643                     2,
4644                     true,
4645                     vec![
4646                         // Take lock defined above
4647                         &aml::Acquire::new("BLCK".into(), 0xffff),
4648                         // Choose the current segment
4649                         &aml::Store::new(&aml::Path::new("PSEG"), &aml::Arg(1)),
4650                         // Write PCI bus number (in first argument) to I/O port via field
4651                         &aml::ShiftLeft::new(&aml::Path::new("B0EJ"), &aml::ONE, &aml::Arg(0)),
4652                         // Release lock
4653                         &aml::Release::new("BLCK".into()),
4654                         // Return 0
4655                         &aml::Return::new(&aml::ZERO),
4656                     ],
4657                 ),
4658                 &aml::Method::new("PSCN".into(), 0, true, pci_scan_inner),
4659             ],
4660         )
4661         .to_aml_bytes(sink);
4662 
4663         for segment in &self.pci_segments {
4664             segment.to_aml_bytes(sink);
4665         }
4666 
4667         let mut mbrd_memory = Vec::new();
4668 
4669         for segment in &self.pci_segments {
4670             mbrd_memory.push(aml::Memory32Fixed::new(
4671                 true,
4672                 segment.mmio_config_address as u32,
4673                 layout::PCI_MMIO_CONFIG_SIZE_PER_SEGMENT as u32,
4674             ))
4675         }
4676 
4677         let mut mbrd_memory_refs = Vec::new();
4678         for mbrd_memory_ref in &mbrd_memory {
4679             mbrd_memory_refs.push(mbrd_memory_ref as &dyn Aml);
4680         }
4681 
4682         aml::Device::new(
4683             "_SB_.MBRD".into(),
4684             vec![
4685                 &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &aml::EISAName::new("PNP0C02")),
4686                 &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &aml::ZERO),
4687                 &aml::Name::new("_CRS".into(), &aml::ResourceTemplate::new(mbrd_memory_refs)),
4688             ],
4689         )
4690         .to_aml_bytes(sink);
4691 
4692         // Serial device
4693         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
4694         let serial_irq = 4;
4695         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4696         let serial_irq =
4697             if self.config.lock().unwrap().serial.clone().mode != ConsoleOutputMode::Off {
4698                 self.get_device_info()
4699                     .clone()
4700                     .get(&(DeviceType::Serial, DeviceType::Serial.to_string()))
4701                     .unwrap()
4702                     .irq()
4703             } else {
4704                 // If serial is turned off, add a fake device with invalid irq.
4705                 31
4706             };
4707         if self.config.lock().unwrap().serial.mode != ConsoleOutputMode::Off {
4708             aml::Device::new(
4709                 "_SB_.COM1".into(),
4710                 vec![
4711                     &aml::Name::new(
4712                         "_HID".into(),
4713                         #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
4714                         &aml::EISAName::new("PNP0501"),
4715                         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4716                         &"ARMH0011",
4717                     ),
4718                     &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &aml::ZERO),
4719                     &aml::Name::new("_DDN".into(), &"COM1"),
4720                     &aml::Name::new(
4721                         "_CRS".into(),
4722                         &aml::ResourceTemplate::new(vec![
4723                             &aml::Interrupt::new(true, true, false, false, serial_irq),
4724                             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
4725                             &aml::IO::new(0x3f8, 0x3f8, 0, 0x8),
4726                             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4727                             &aml::Memory32Fixed::new(
4728                                 true,
4729                                 arch::layout::LEGACY_SERIAL_MAPPED_IO_START.raw_value() as u32,
4730                                 MMIO_LEN as u32,
4731                             ),
4732                         ]),
4733                     ),
4734                 ],
4735             )
4736             .to_aml_bytes(sink);
4737         }
4738 
4739         aml::Name::new("_S5_".into(), &aml::Package::new(vec![&5u8])).to_aml_bytes(sink);
4740 
4741         aml::Device::new(
4742             "_SB_.PWRB".into(),
4743             vec![
4744                 &aml::Name::new("_HID".into(), &aml::EISAName::new("PNP0C0C")),
4745                 &aml::Name::new("_UID".into(), &aml::ZERO),
4746             ],
4747         )
4748         .to_aml_bytes(sink);
4749 
4750         if self.config.lock().unwrap().tpm.is_some() {
4751             // Add tpm device
4752             TpmDevice {}.to_aml_bytes(sink);
4753         }
4754 
4755         self.ged_notification_device
4756             .as_ref()
4757             .unwrap()
4758             .lock()
4759             .unwrap()
4760             .to_aml_bytes(sink)
4761     }
4762 }
4763 
4764 impl Pausable for DeviceManager {
4765     fn pause(&mut self) -> result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4766         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4767             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4768                 migratable.lock().unwrap().pause()?;
4769             }
4770         }
4771         // On AArch64, the pause of device manager needs to trigger
4772         // a "pause" of GIC, which will flush the GIC pending tables
4773         // and ITS tables to guest RAM.
4774         #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
4775         {
4776             self.get_interrupt_controller()
4777                 .unwrap()
4778                 .lock()
4779                 .unwrap()
4780                 .pause()?;
4781         };
4782 
4783         Ok(())
4784     }
4785 
4786     fn resume(&mut self) -> result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4787         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4788             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4789                 migratable.lock().unwrap().resume()?;
4790             }
4791         }
4792 
4793         Ok(())
4794     }
4795 }
4796 
4797 impl Snapshottable for DeviceManager {
4798     fn id(&self) -> String {
4799         DEVICE_MANAGER_SNAPSHOT_ID.to_string()
4800     }
4801 
4802     fn snapshot(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<Snapshot, MigratableError> {
4803         let mut snapshot = Snapshot::from_data(SnapshotData::new_from_state(&self.state())?);
4804 
4805         // We aggregate all devices snapshots.
4806         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4807             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4808                 let mut migratable = migratable.lock().unwrap();
4809                 snapshot.add_snapshot(migratable.id(), migratable.snapshot()?);
4810             }
4811         }
4812 
4813         Ok(snapshot)
4814     }
4815 }
4816 
4817 impl Transportable for DeviceManager {}
4818 
4819 impl Migratable for DeviceManager {
4820     fn start_dirty_log(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4821         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4822             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4823                 migratable.lock().unwrap().start_dirty_log()?;
4824             }
4825         }
4826         Ok(())
4827     }
4828 
4829     fn stop_dirty_log(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4830         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4831             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4832                 migratable.lock().unwrap().stop_dirty_log()?;
4833             }
4834         }
4835         Ok(())
4836     }
4837 
4838     fn dirty_log(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<MemoryRangeTable, MigratableError> {
4839         let mut tables = Vec::new();
4840         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4841             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4842                 tables.push(migratable.lock().unwrap().dirty_log()?);
4843             }
4844         }
4845         Ok(MemoryRangeTable::new_from_tables(tables))
4846     }
4847 
4848     fn start_migration(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4849         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4850             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4851                 migratable.lock().unwrap().start_migration()?;
4852             }
4853         }
4854         Ok(())
4855     }
4856 
4857     fn complete_migration(&mut self) -> std::result::Result<(), MigratableError> {
4858         for (_, device_node) in self.device_tree.lock().unwrap().iter() {
4859             if let Some(migratable) = &device_node.migratable {
4860                 migratable.lock().unwrap().complete_migration()?;
4861             }
4862         }
4863         Ok(())
4864     }
4865 }
4866 
4867 const PCIU_FIELD_OFFSET: u64 = 0;
4868 const PCID_FIELD_OFFSET: u64 = 4;
4869 const B0EJ_FIELD_OFFSET: u64 = 8;
4870 const PSEG_FIELD_OFFSET: u64 = 12;
4871 const PCIU_FIELD_SIZE: usize = 4;
4872 const PCID_FIELD_SIZE: usize = 4;
4873 const B0EJ_FIELD_SIZE: usize = 4;
4874 const PSEG_FIELD_SIZE: usize = 4;
4875 
4876 impl BusDevice for DeviceManager {
4877     fn read(&mut self, base: u64, offset: u64, data: &mut [u8]) {
4878         match offset {
4879             PCIU_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4880                 assert!(data.len() == PCIU_FIELD_SIZE);
4881                 data.copy_from_slice(
4882                     &self.pci_segments[self.selected_segment]
4883                         .pci_devices_up
4884                         .to_le_bytes(),
4885                 );
4886                 // Clear the PCIU bitmap
4887                 self.pci_segments[self.selected_segment].pci_devices_up = 0;
4888             }
4889             PCID_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4890                 assert!(data.len() == PCID_FIELD_SIZE);
4891                 data.copy_from_slice(
4892                     &self.pci_segments[self.selected_segment]
4893                         .pci_devices_down
4894                         .to_le_bytes(),
4895                 );
4896                 // Clear the PCID bitmap
4897                 self.pci_segments[self.selected_segment].pci_devices_down = 0;
4898             }
4899             B0EJ_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4900                 assert!(data.len() == B0EJ_FIELD_SIZE);
4901                 // Always return an empty bitmap since the eject is always
4902                 // taken care of right away during a write access.
4903                 data.fill(0);
4904             }
4905             PSEG_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4906                 assert_eq!(data.len(), PSEG_FIELD_SIZE);
4907                 data.copy_from_slice(&(self.selected_segment as u32).to_le_bytes());
4908             }
4909             _ => error!(
4910                 "Accessing unknown location at base 0x{:x}, offset 0x{:x}",
4911                 base, offset
4912             ),
4913         }
4914 
4915         debug!(
4916             "PCI_HP_REG_R: base 0x{:x}, offset 0x{:x}, data {:?}",
4917             base, offset, data
4918         )
4919     }
4920 
4921     fn write(&mut self, base: u64, offset: u64, data: &[u8]) -> Option<Arc<std::sync::Barrier>> {
4922         match offset {
4923             B0EJ_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4924                 assert!(data.len() == B0EJ_FIELD_SIZE);
4925                 let mut data_array: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
4926                 data_array.copy_from_slice(data);
4927                 let mut slot_bitmap = u32::from_le_bytes(data_array);
4928 
4929                 while slot_bitmap > 0 {
4930                     let slot_id = slot_bitmap.trailing_zeros();
4931                     if let Err(e) = self.eject_device(self.selected_segment as u16, slot_id as u8) {
4932                         error!("Failed ejecting device {}: {:?}", slot_id, e);
4933                     }
4934                     slot_bitmap &= !(1 << slot_id);
4935                 }
4936             }
4937             PSEG_FIELD_OFFSET => {
4938                 assert_eq!(data.len(), PSEG_FIELD_SIZE);
4939                 let mut data_array: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
4940                 data_array.copy_from_slice(data);
4941                 let selected_segment = u32::from_le_bytes(data_array) as usize;
4942                 if selected_segment >= self.pci_segments.len() {
4943                     error!(
4944                         "Segment selection out of range: {} >= {}",
4945                         selected_segment,
4946                         self.pci_segments.len()
4947                     );
4948                     return None;
4949                 }
4950                 self.selected_segment = selected_segment;
4951             }
4952             _ => error!(
4953                 "Accessing unknown location at base 0x{:x}, offset 0x{:x}",
4954                 base, offset
4955             ),
4956         }
4957 
4958         debug!(
4959             "PCI_HP_REG_W: base 0x{:x}, offset 0x{:x}, data {:?}",
4960             base, offset, data
4961         );
4962 
4963         None
4964     }
4965 }
4966 
4967 impl Drop for DeviceManager {
4968     fn drop(&mut self) {
4969         for handle in self.virtio_devices.drain(..) {
4970             handle.virtio_device.lock().unwrap().shutdown();
4971         }
4972 
4973         if let Some(termios) = *self.original_termios_opt.lock().unwrap() {
4974             // SAFETY: FFI call
4975             let _ = unsafe { tcsetattr(stdout().lock().as_raw_fd(), TCSANOW, &termios) };
4976         }
4977     }
4978 }
4979