xref: /linux/mm/vmscan.c (revision 334fbe734e687404f346eba7d5d96ed2b44d35ab)

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 *
 *  Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie.
 *  kswapd added: 7.1.96  sct
 *  Removed kswapd_ctl limits, and swap out as many pages as needed
 *  to bring the system back to freepages.high: 2.4.97, Rik van Riel.
 *  Zone aware kswapd started 02/00, Kanoj Sarcar (kanoj@sgi.com).
 *  Multiqueue VM started 5.8.00, Rik van Riel.
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/vmpressure.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>	/* for buffer_heads_over_limit */
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/topology.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/compaction.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/memory-tiers.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>
#include <linux/folio_batch.h>
#include <linux/prefetch.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <linux/psi.h>
#include <linux/pagewalk.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/khugepaged.h>
#include <linux/rculist_nulls.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/parser.h>

#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/div64.h>

#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/sched/sysctl.h>

#include "internal.h"
#include "swap.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/vmscan.h>

struct scan_control {
	/* How many pages shrink_list() should reclaim */
	unsigned long nr_to_reclaim;

	/*
	 * Nodemask of nodes allowed by the caller. If NULL, all nodes
	 * are scanned.
	 */
	nodemask_t	*nodemask;

	/*
	 * The memory cgroup that hit its limit and as a result is the
	 * primary target of this reclaim invocation.
	 */
	struct mem_cgroup *target_mem_cgroup;

	/*
	 * Scan pressure balancing between anon and file LRUs
	 */
	unsigned long	anon_cost;
	unsigned long	file_cost;

	/* Swappiness value for proactive reclaim. Always use sc_swappiness()! */
	int *proactive_swappiness;

	/* Can active folios be deactivated as part of reclaim? */
#define DEACTIVATE_ANON 1
#define DEACTIVATE_FILE 2
	unsigned int may_deactivate:2;
	unsigned int force_deactivate:1;
	unsigned int skipped_deactivate:1;

	/* zone_reclaim_mode, boost reclaim */
	unsigned int may_writepage:1;

	/* zone_reclaim_mode */
	unsigned int may_unmap:1;

	/* zome_reclaim_mode, boost reclaim, cgroup restrictions */
	unsigned int may_swap:1;

	/* Not allow cache_trim_mode to be turned on as part of reclaim? */
	unsigned int no_cache_trim_mode:1;

	/* Has cache_trim_mode failed at least once? */
	unsigned int cache_trim_mode_failed:1;

	/* Proactive reclaim invoked by userspace */
	unsigned int proactive:1;

	/*
	 * Cgroup memory below memory.low is protected as long as we
	 * don't threaten to OOM. If any cgroup is reclaimed at
	 * reduced force or passed over entirely due to its memory.low
	 * setting (memcg_low_skipped), and nothing is reclaimed as a
	 * result, then go back for one more cycle that reclaims the protected
	 * memory (memcg_low_reclaim) to avert OOM.
	 */
	unsigned int memcg_low_reclaim:1;
	unsigned int memcg_low_skipped:1;

	/* Shared cgroup tree walk failed, rescan the whole tree */
	unsigned int memcg_full_walk:1;

	unsigned int hibernation_mode:1;

	/* One of the zones is ready for compaction */
	unsigned int compaction_ready:1;

	/* There is easily reclaimable cold cache in the current node */
	unsigned int cache_trim_mode:1;

	/* The file folios on the current node are dangerously low */
	unsigned int file_is_tiny:1;

	/* Always discard instead of demoting to lower tier memory */
	unsigned int no_demotion:1;

	/* Allocation order */
	s8 order;

	/* Scan (total_size >> priority) pages at once */
	s8 priority;

	/* The highest zone to isolate folios for reclaim from */
	s8 reclaim_idx;

	/* This context's GFP mask */
	gfp_t gfp_mask;

	/* Incremented by the number of inactive pages that were scanned */
	unsigned long nr_scanned;

	/* Number of pages freed so far during a call to shrink_zones() */
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed;

	struct {
		unsigned int dirty;
		unsigned int unqueued_dirty;
		unsigned int congested;
		unsigned int writeback;
		unsigned int immediate;
		unsigned int file_taken;
		unsigned int taken;
	} nr;

	/* for recording the reclaimed slab by now */
	struct reclaim_state reclaim_state;
};

#ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCHW
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_folio(_folio, _base, _field)			\
	do {								\
		if ((_folio)->lru.prev != _base) {			\
			struct folio *prev;				\
									\
			prev = lru_to_folio(&(_folio->lru));		\
			prefetchw(&prev->_field);			\
		}							\
	} while (0)
#else
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_folio(_folio, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
#endif

/*
 * From 0 .. MAX_SWAPPINESS.  Higher means more swappy.
 */
int vm_swappiness = 60;

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG

/* Returns true for reclaim through cgroup limits or cgroup interfaces. */
static bool cgroup_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return sc->target_mem_cgroup;
}

/*
 * Returns true for reclaim on the root cgroup. This is true for direct
 * allocator reclaim and reclaim through cgroup interfaces on the root cgroup.
 */
static bool root_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return !sc->target_mem_cgroup || mem_cgroup_is_root(sc->target_mem_cgroup);
}

/**
 * writeback_throttling_sane - is the usual dirty throttling mechanism available?
 * @sc: scan_control in question
 *
 * The normal page dirty throttling mechanism in balance_dirty_pages() is
 * completely broken with the legacy memcg and direct stalling in
 * shrink_folio_list() is used for throttling instead, which lacks all the
 * niceties such as fairness, adaptive pausing, bandwidth proportional
 * allocation and configurability.
 *
 * This function tests whether the vmscan currently in progress can assume
 * that the normal dirty throttling mechanism is operational.
 */
static bool writeback_throttling_sane(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	if (!cgroup_reclaim(sc))
		return true;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
	if (cgroup_subsys_on_dfl(memory_cgrp_subsys))
		return true;
#endif
	return false;
}

static int sc_swappiness(struct scan_control *sc, struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	if (sc->proactive && sc->proactive_swappiness)
		return *sc->proactive_swappiness;
	return mem_cgroup_swappiness(memcg);
}
#else
static bool cgroup_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return false;
}

static bool root_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return true;
}

static bool writeback_throttling_sane(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return true;
}

static int sc_swappiness(struct scan_control *sc, struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	return READ_ONCE(vm_swappiness);
}
#endif

/* for_each_managed_zone_pgdat - helper macro to iterate over all managed zones in a pgdat up to
 * and including the specified highidx
 * @zone: The current zone in the iterator
 * @pgdat: The pgdat which node_zones are being iterated
 * @idx: The index variable
 * @highidx: The index of the highest zone to return
 *
 * This macro iterates through all managed zones up to and including the specified highidx.
 * The zone iterator enters an invalid state after macro call and must be reinitialized
 * before it can be used again.
 */
#define for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, idx, highidx)	\
	for ((idx) = 0, (zone) = (pgdat)->node_zones;		\
	    (idx) <= (highidx);					\
	    (idx)++, (zone)++)					\
		if (!managed_zone(zone))			\
			continue;				\
		else

static void set_task_reclaim_state(struct task_struct *task,
				   struct reclaim_state *rs)
{
	/* Check for an overwrite */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(rs && task->reclaim_state);

	/* Check for the nulling of an already-nulled member */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(!rs && !task->reclaim_state);

	task->reclaim_state = rs;
}

/*
 * flush_reclaim_state(): add pages reclaimed outside of LRU-based reclaim to
 * scan_control->nr_reclaimed.
 */
static void flush_reclaim_state(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	/*
	 * Currently, reclaim_state->reclaimed includes three types of pages
	 * freed outside of vmscan:
	 * (1) Slab pages.
	 * (2) Clean file pages from pruned inodes (on highmem systems).
	 * (3) XFS freed buffer pages.
	 *
	 * For all of these cases, we cannot universally link the pages to a
	 * single memcg. For example, a memcg-aware shrinker can free one object
	 * charged to the target memcg, causing an entire page to be freed.
	 * If we count the entire page as reclaimed from the memcg, we end up
	 * overestimating the reclaimed amount (potentially under-reclaiming).
	 *
	 * Only count such pages for global reclaim to prevent under-reclaiming
	 * from the target memcg; preventing unnecessary retries during memcg
	 * charging and false positives from proactive reclaim.
	 *
	 * For uncommon cases where the freed pages were actually mostly
	 * charged to the target memcg, we end up underestimating the reclaimed
	 * amount. This should be fine. The freed pages will be uncharged
	 * anyway, even if they are not counted here properly, and we will be
	 * able to make forward progress in charging (which is usually in a
	 * retry loop).
	 *
	 * We can go one step further, and report the uncharged objcg pages in
	 * memcg reclaim, to make reporting more accurate and reduce
	 * underestimation, but it's probably not worth the complexity for now.
	 */
	if (current->reclaim_state && root_reclaim(sc)) {
		sc->nr_reclaimed += current->reclaim_state->reclaimed;
		current->reclaim_state->reclaimed = 0;
	}
}

static bool can_demote(int nid, struct scan_control *sc,
		       struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
	nodemask_t allowed_mask;

	if (!pgdat || !numa_demotion_enabled)
		return false;
	if (sc && sc->no_demotion)
		return false;

	node_get_allowed_targets(pgdat, &allowed_mask);
	if (nodes_empty(allowed_mask))
		return false;

	/* Filter out nodes that are not in cgroup's mems_allowed. */
	mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(memcg, &allowed_mask);
	return !nodes_empty(allowed_mask);
}

static inline bool can_reclaim_anon_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
					  int nid,
					  struct scan_control *sc)
{
	if (memcg == NULL) {
		/*
		 * For non-memcg reclaim, is there
		 * space in any swap device?
		 */
		if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
			return true;
	} else {
		/* Is the memcg below its swap limit? */
		if (mem_cgroup_get_nr_swap_pages(memcg) > 0)
			return true;
	}

	/*
	 * The page can not be swapped.
	 *
	 * Can it be reclaimed from this node via demotion?
	 */
	return can_demote(nid, sc, memcg);
}

/*
 * This misses isolated folios which are not accounted for to save counters.
 * As the data only determines if reclaim or compaction continues, it is
 * not expected that isolated folios will be a dominating factor.
 */
unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone)
{
	unsigned long nr;

	nr = zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE) +
		zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE);
	if (can_reclaim_anon_pages(NULL, zone_to_nid(zone), NULL))
		nr += zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_ANON) +
			zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_ANON);

	return nr;
}

/**
 * lruvec_lru_size -  Returns the number of pages on the given LRU list.
 * @lruvec: lru vector
 * @lru: lru to use
 * @zone_idx: zones to consider (use MAX_NR_ZONES - 1 for the whole LRU list)
 */
static unsigned long lruvec_lru_size(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list lru,
				     int zone_idx)
{
	unsigned long size = 0;
	int zid;
	struct zone *zone;

	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, lruvec_pgdat(lruvec), zid, zone_idx) {
		if (!mem_cgroup_disabled())
			size += mem_cgroup_get_zone_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid);
		else
			size += zone_page_state(zone, NR_ZONE_LRU_BASE + lru);
	}
	return size;
}

static unsigned long drop_slab_node(int nid)
{
	unsigned long freed = 0;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
	do {
		freed += shrink_slab(GFP_KERNEL, nid, memcg, 0);
	} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)) != NULL);

	return freed;
}

void drop_slab(void)
{
	int nid;
	int shift = 0;
	unsigned long freed;

	do {
		freed = 0;
		for_each_online_node(nid) {
			if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
				return;

			freed += drop_slab_node(nid);
		}
	} while ((freed >> shift++) > 1);
}

#define CHECK_RECLAIMER_OFFSET(type)					\
	do {								\
		BUILD_BUG_ON(PGSTEAL_##type - PGSTEAL_KSWAPD !=		\
			     PGDEMOTE_##type - PGDEMOTE_KSWAPD);	\
		BUILD_BUG_ON(PGSTEAL_##type - PGSTEAL_KSWAPD !=		\
			     PGSCAN_##type - PGSCAN_KSWAPD);		\
	} while (0)

static int reclaimer_offset(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	CHECK_RECLAIMER_OFFSET(DIRECT);
	CHECK_RECLAIMER_OFFSET(KHUGEPAGED);
	CHECK_RECLAIMER_OFFSET(PROACTIVE);

	if (current_is_kswapd())
		return 0;
	if (current_is_khugepaged())
		return PGSTEAL_KHUGEPAGED - PGSTEAL_KSWAPD;
	if (sc->proactive)
		return PGSTEAL_PROACTIVE - PGSTEAL_KSWAPD;
	return PGSTEAL_DIRECT - PGSTEAL_KSWAPD;
}

/*
 * We detected a synchronous write error writing a folio out.  Probably
 * -ENOSPC.  We need to propagate that into the address_space for a subsequent
 * fsync(), msync() or close().
 *
 * The tricky part is that after writepage we cannot touch the mapping: nothing
 * prevents it from being freed up.  But we have a ref on the folio and once
 * that folio is locked, the mapping is pinned.
 *
 * We're allowed to run sleeping folio_lock() here because we know the caller has
 * __GFP_FS.
 */
static void handle_write_error(struct address_space *mapping,
				struct folio *folio, int error)
{
	folio_lock(folio);
	if (folio_mapping(folio) == mapping)
		mapping_set_error(mapping, error);
	folio_unlock(folio);
}

static bool skip_throttle_noprogress(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	int reclaimable = 0, write_pending = 0;
	int i;
	struct zone *zone;
	/*
	 * If kswapd is disabled, reschedule if necessary but do not
	 * throttle as the system is likely near OOM.
	 */
	if (kswapd_test_hopeless(pgdat))
		return true;

	/*
	 * If there are a lot of dirty/writeback folios then do not
	 * throttle as throttling will occur when the folios cycle
	 * towards the end of the LRU if still under writeback.
	 */
	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, i, MAX_NR_ZONES - 1) {
		reclaimable += zone_reclaimable_pages(zone);
		write_pending += zone_page_state_snapshot(zone,
						  NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING);
	}
	if (2 * write_pending <= reclaimable)
		return true;

	return false;
}

void reclaim_throttle(pg_data_t *pgdat, enum vmscan_throttle_state reason)
{
	wait_queue_head_t *wqh = &pgdat->reclaim_wait[reason];
	long timeout, ret;
	DEFINE_WAIT(wait);

	/*
	 * Do not throttle user workers, kthreads other than kswapd or
	 * workqueues. They may be required for reclaim to make
	 * forward progress (e.g. journalling workqueues or kthreads).
	 */
	if (!current_is_kswapd() &&
	    current->flags & (PF_USER_WORKER|PF_KTHREAD)) {
		cond_resched();
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * These figures are pulled out of thin air.
	 * VMSCAN_THROTTLE_ISOLATED is a transient condition based on too many
	 * parallel reclaimers which is a short-lived event so the timeout is
	 * short. Failing to make progress or waiting on writeback are
	 * potentially long-lived events so use a longer timeout. This is shaky
	 * logic as a failure to make progress could be due to anything from
	 * writeback to a slow device to excessive referenced folios at the tail
	 * of the inactive LRU.
	 */
	switch(reason) {
	case VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK:
		timeout = HZ/10;

		if (atomic_inc_return(&pgdat->nr_writeback_throttled) == 1) {
			WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->nr_reclaim_start,
				node_page_state(pgdat, NR_THROTTLED_WRITTEN));
		}

		break;
	case VMSCAN_THROTTLE_CONGESTED:
		fallthrough;
	case VMSCAN_THROTTLE_NOPROGRESS:
		if (skip_throttle_noprogress(pgdat)) {
			cond_resched();
			return;
		}

		timeout = 1;

		break;
	case VMSCAN_THROTTLE_ISOLATED:
		timeout = HZ/50;
		break;
	default:
		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
		timeout = HZ;
		break;
	}

	prepare_to_wait(wqh, &wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
	ret = schedule_timeout(timeout);
	finish_wait(wqh, &wait);

	if (reason == VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK)
		atomic_dec(&pgdat->nr_writeback_throttled);

	trace_mm_vmscan_throttled(pgdat->node_id, jiffies_to_usecs(timeout),
				jiffies_to_usecs(timeout - ret),
				reason);
}

/*
 * Account for folios written if tasks are throttled waiting on dirty
 * folios to clean. If enough folios have been cleaned since throttling
 * started then wakeup the throttled tasks.
 */
void __acct_reclaim_writeback(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct folio *folio,
							int nr_throttled)
{
	unsigned long nr_written;

	node_stat_add_folio(folio, NR_THROTTLED_WRITTEN);

	/*
	 * This is an inaccurate read as the per-cpu deltas may not
	 * be synchronised. However, given that the system is
	 * writeback throttled, it is not worth taking the penalty
	 * of getting an accurate count. At worst, the throttle
	 * timeout guarantees forward progress.
	 */
	nr_written = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_THROTTLED_WRITTEN) -
		READ_ONCE(pgdat->nr_reclaim_start);

	if (nr_written > SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * nr_throttled)
		wake_up(&pgdat->reclaim_wait[VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK]);
}

/* possible outcome of pageout() */
typedef enum {
	/* failed to write folio out, folio is locked */
	PAGE_KEEP,
	/* move folio to the active list, folio is locked */
	PAGE_ACTIVATE,
	/* folio has been sent to the disk successfully, folio is unlocked */
	PAGE_SUCCESS,
	/* folio is clean and locked */
	PAGE_CLEAN,
} pageout_t;

static pageout_t writeout(struct folio *folio, struct address_space *mapping,
		struct swap_iocb **plug, struct list_head *folio_list)
{
	int res;

	folio_set_reclaim(folio);

	/*
	 * The large shmem folio can be split if CONFIG_THP_SWAP is not enabled
	 * or we failed to allocate contiguous swap entries, in which case
	 * the split out folios get added back to folio_list.
	 */
	if (shmem_mapping(mapping))
		res = shmem_writeout(folio, plug, folio_list);
	else
		res = swap_writeout(folio, plug);

	if (res < 0)
		handle_write_error(mapping, folio, res);
	if (res == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
		folio_clear_reclaim(folio);
		return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
	}

	/* synchronous write? */
	if (!folio_test_writeback(folio))
		folio_clear_reclaim(folio);

	trace_mm_vmscan_write_folio(folio);
	node_stat_add_folio(folio, NR_VMSCAN_WRITE);
	return PAGE_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * pageout is called by shrink_folio_list() for each dirty folio.
 */
static pageout_t pageout(struct folio *folio, struct address_space *mapping,
			 struct swap_iocb **plug, struct list_head *folio_list)
{
	/*
	 * We no longer attempt to writeback filesystem folios here, other
	 * than tmpfs/shmem.  That's taken care of in page-writeback.
	 * If we find a dirty filesystem folio at the end of the LRU list,
	 * typically that means the filesystem is saturating the storage
	 * with contiguous writes and telling it to write a folio here
	 * would only make the situation worse by injecting an element
	 * of random access.
	 *
	 * If the folio is swapcache, write it back even if that would
	 * block, for some throttling. This happens by accident, because
	 * swap_backing_dev_info is bust: it doesn't reflect the
	 * congestion state of the swapdevs.  Easy to fix, if needed.
	 *
	 * A freeable shmem or swapcache folio is referenced only by the
	 * caller that isolated the folio and the page cache.
	 */
	if (folio_ref_count(folio) != 1 + folio_nr_pages(folio) || !mapping)
		return PAGE_KEEP;
	if (!shmem_mapping(mapping) && !folio_test_anon(folio))
		return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
	if (!folio_clear_dirty_for_io(folio))
		return PAGE_CLEAN;
	return writeout(folio, mapping, plug, folio_list);
}

/*
 * Same as remove_mapping, but if the folio is removed from the mapping, it
 * gets returned with a refcount of 0.
 */
static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio,
			    bool reclaimed, struct mem_cgroup *target_memcg)
{
	int refcount;
	void *shadow = NULL;
	struct swap_cluster_info *ci;

	BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
	BUG_ON(mapping != folio_mapping(folio));

	if (folio_test_swapcache(folio)) {
		ci = swap_cluster_get_and_lock_irq(folio);
	} else {
		spin_lock(&mapping->host->i_lock);
		xa_lock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
	}

	/*
	 * The non racy check for a busy folio.
	 *
	 * Must be careful with the order of the tests. When someone has
	 * a ref to the folio, it may be possible that they dirty it then
	 * drop the reference. So if the dirty flag is tested before the
	 * refcount here, then the following race may occur:
	 *
	 * get_user_pages(&page);
	 * [user mapping goes away]
	 * write_to(page);
	 *				!folio_test_dirty(folio)    [good]
	 * folio_set_dirty(folio);
	 * folio_put(folio);
	 *				!refcount(folio)   [good, discard it]
	 *
	 * [oops, our write_to data is lost]
	 *
	 * Reversing the order of the tests ensures such a situation cannot
	 * escape unnoticed. The smp_rmb is needed to ensure the folio->flags
	 * load is not satisfied before that of folio->_refcount.
	 *
	 * Note that if the dirty flag is always set via folio_mark_dirty,
	 * and thus under the i_pages lock, then this ordering is not required.
	 */
	refcount = 1 + folio_nr_pages(folio);
	if (!folio_ref_freeze(folio, refcount))
		goto cannot_free;
	/* note: atomic_cmpxchg in folio_ref_freeze provides the smp_rmb */
	if (unlikely(folio_test_dirty(folio))) {
		folio_ref_unfreeze(folio, refcount);
		goto cannot_free;
	}

	if (folio_test_swapcache(folio)) {
		swp_entry_t swap = folio->swap;

		if (reclaimed && !mapping_exiting(mapping))
			shadow = workingset_eviction(folio, target_memcg);
		memcg1_swapout(folio, swap);
		__swap_cache_del_folio(ci, folio, swap, shadow);
		swap_cluster_unlock_irq(ci);
	} else {
		void (*free_folio)(struct folio *);

		free_folio = mapping->a_ops->free_folio;
		/*
		 * Remember a shadow entry for reclaimed file cache in
		 * order to detect refaults, thus thrashing, later on.
		 *
		 * But don't store shadows in an address space that is
		 * already exiting.  This is not just an optimization,
		 * inode reclaim needs to empty out the radix tree or
		 * the nodes are lost.  Don't plant shadows behind its
		 * back.
		 *
		 * We also don't store shadows for DAX mappings because the
		 * only page cache folios found in these are zero pages
		 * covering holes, and because we don't want to mix DAX
		 * exceptional entries and shadow exceptional entries in the
		 * same address_space.
		 */
		if (reclaimed && folio_is_file_lru(folio) &&
		    !mapping_exiting(mapping) && !dax_mapping(mapping))
			shadow = workingset_eviction(folio, target_memcg);
		__filemap_remove_folio(folio, shadow);
		xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
		if (mapping_shrinkable(mapping))
			inode_lru_list_add(mapping->host);
		spin_unlock(&mapping->host->i_lock);

		if (free_folio)
			free_folio(folio);
	}

	return 1;

cannot_free:
	if (folio_test_swapcache(folio)) {
		swap_cluster_unlock_irq(ci);
	} else {
		xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
		spin_unlock(&mapping->host->i_lock);
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * remove_mapping() - Attempt to remove a folio from its mapping.
 * @mapping: The address space.
 * @folio: The folio to remove.
 *
 * If the folio is dirty, under writeback or if someone else has a ref
 * on it, removal will fail.
 * Return: The number of pages removed from the mapping.  0 if the folio
 * could not be removed.
 * Context: The caller should have a single refcount on the folio and
 * hold its lock.
 */
long remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio)
{
	if (__remove_mapping(mapping, folio, false, NULL)) {
		/*
		 * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 effectively
		 * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another
		 * atomic operation.
		 */
		folio_ref_unfreeze(folio, 1);
		return folio_nr_pages(folio);
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * folio_putback_lru - Put previously isolated folio onto appropriate LRU list.
 * @folio: Folio to be returned to an LRU list.
 *
 * Add previously isolated @folio to appropriate LRU list.
 * The folio may still be unevictable for other reasons.
 *
 * Context: lru_lock must not be held, interrupts must be enabled.
 */
void folio_putback_lru(struct folio *folio)
{
	folio_add_lru(folio);
	folio_put(folio);		/* drop ref from isolate */
}

enum folio_references {
	FOLIOREF_RECLAIM,
	FOLIOREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN,
	FOLIOREF_KEEP,
	FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE,
};

#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN
/*
 * Only used on a mapped folio in the eviction (rmap walk) path, where promotion
 * needs to be done by taking the folio off the LRU list and then adding it back
 * with PG_active set. In contrast, the aging (page table walk) path uses
 * folio_update_gen().
 */
static bool lru_gen_set_refs(struct folio *folio)
{
	/* see the comment on LRU_REFS_FLAGS */
	if (!folio_test_referenced(folio) && !folio_test_workingset(folio)) {
		set_mask_bits(&folio->flags.f, LRU_REFS_MASK, BIT(PG_referenced));
		return false;
	}

	set_mask_bits(&folio->flags.f, LRU_REFS_FLAGS, BIT(PG_workingset));
	return true;
}
#else
static bool lru_gen_set_refs(struct folio *folio)
{
	return false;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_LRU_GEN */

static enum folio_references folio_check_references(struct folio *folio,
						  struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int referenced_ptes, referenced_folio;
	vm_flags_t vm_flags;

	referenced_ptes = folio_referenced(folio, 1, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
					   &vm_flags);

	/*
	 * The supposedly reclaimable folio was found to be in a VM_LOCKED vma.
	 * Let the folio, now marked Mlocked, be moved to the unevictable list.
	 */
	if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
		return FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE;

	/*
	 * There are two cases to consider.
	 * 1) Rmap lock contention: rotate.
	 * 2) Skip the non-shared swapbacked folio mapped solely by
	 *    the exiting or OOM-reaped process.
	 */
	if (referenced_ptes == -1)
		return FOLIOREF_KEEP;

	if (lru_gen_enabled() && !lru_gen_switching()) {
		if (!referenced_ptes)
			return FOLIOREF_RECLAIM;

		return lru_gen_set_refs(folio) ? FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE : FOLIOREF_KEEP;
	}

	referenced_folio = folio_test_clear_referenced(folio);

	if (referenced_ptes) {
		/*
		 * All mapped folios start out with page table
		 * references from the instantiating fault, so we need
		 * to look twice if a mapped file/anon folio is used more
		 * than once.
		 *
		 * Mark it and spare it for another trip around the
		 * inactive list.  Another page table reference will
		 * lead to its activation.
		 *
		 * Note: the mark is set for activated folios as well
		 * so that recently deactivated but used folios are
		 * quickly recovered.
		 */
		folio_set_referenced(folio);

		if (referenced_folio || referenced_ptes > 1)
			return FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE;

		/*
		 * Activate file-backed executable folios after first usage.
		 */
		if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && folio_is_file_lru(folio))
			return FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE;

		return FOLIOREF_KEEP;
	}

	/* Reclaim if clean, defer dirty folios to writeback */
	if (referenced_folio && folio_is_file_lru(folio))
		return FOLIOREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;

	return FOLIOREF_RECLAIM;
}

/* Check if a folio is dirty or under writeback */
static void folio_check_dirty_writeback(struct folio *folio,
				       bool *dirty, bool *writeback)
{
	struct address_space *mapping;

	/*
	 * Anonymous folios are not handled by flushers and must be written
	 * from reclaim context. Do not stall reclaim based on them.
	 * MADV_FREE anonymous folios are put into inactive file list too.
	 * They could be mistakenly treated as file lru. So further anon
	 * test is needed.
	 */
	if (!folio_is_file_lru(folio) || folio_test_lazyfree(folio)) {
		*dirty = false;
		*writeback = false;
		return;
	}

	/* By default assume that the folio flags are accurate */
	*dirty = folio_test_dirty(folio);
	*writeback = folio_test_writeback(folio);

	/* Verify dirty/writeback state if the filesystem supports it */
	if (!folio_test_private(folio))
		return;

	mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
	if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback)
		mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback(folio, dirty, writeback);
}

static struct folio *alloc_demote_folio(struct folio *src,
		unsigned long private)
{
	struct migration_target_control *mtc, target_nid_mtc;
	struct folio *dst;

	mtc = (struct migration_target_control *)private;

	/*
	 * make sure we allocate from the target node first also trying to
	 * demote or reclaim pages from the target node via kswapd if we are
	 * low on free memory on target node. If we don't do this and if
	 * we have free memory on the slower(lower) memtier, we would start
	 * allocating pages from slower(lower) memory tiers without even forcing
	 * a demotion of cold pages from the target memtier. This can result
	 * in the kernel placing hot pages in slower(lower) memory tiers.
	 */
	target_nid_mtc = *mtc;
	target_nid_mtc.nmask = NULL;
	target_nid_mtc.gfp_mask |= __GFP_THISNODE;
	dst = alloc_migration_target(src, (unsigned long)&target_nid_mtc);
	if (dst)
		return dst;

	return alloc_migration_target(src, (unsigned long)mtc);
}

/*
 * Take folios on @demote_folios and attempt to demote them to another node.
 * Folios which are not demoted are left on @demote_folios.
 */
static unsigned int demote_folio_list(struct list_head *demote_folios,
				      struct pglist_data *pgdat,
				      struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	int target_nid;
	unsigned int nr_succeeded;
	nodemask_t allowed_mask;

	struct migration_target_control mtc = {
		/*
		 * Allocate from 'node', or fail quickly and quietly.
		 * When this happens, 'page' will likely just be discarded
		 * instead of migrated.
		 */
		.gfp_mask = (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~__GFP_RECLAIM) |
			__GFP_NOMEMALLOC | GFP_NOWAIT,
		.nmask = &allowed_mask,
		.reason = MR_DEMOTION,
	};

	if (list_empty(demote_folios))
		return 0;

	node_get_allowed_targets(pgdat, &allowed_mask);
	mem_cgroup_node_filter_allowed(memcg, &allowed_mask);
	if (nodes_empty(allowed_mask))
		return 0;

	target_nid = next_demotion_node(pgdat->node_id, &allowed_mask);
	if (target_nid == NUMA_NO_NODE)
		/* No lower-tier nodes or nodes were hot-unplugged. */
		return 0;

	mtc.nid = target_nid;

	/* Demotion ignores all cpuset and mempolicy settings */
	migrate_pages(demote_folios, alloc_demote_folio, NULL,
		      (unsigned long)&mtc, MIGRATE_ASYNC, MR_DEMOTION,
		      &nr_succeeded);

	return nr_succeeded;
}

static bool may_enter_fs(struct folio *folio, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
	if (gfp_mask & __GFP_FS)
		return true;
	if (!folio_test_swapcache(folio) || !(gfp_mask & __GFP_IO))
		return false;
	/*
	 * We can "enter_fs" for swap-cache with only __GFP_IO
	 * providing this isn't SWP_FS_OPS.
	 * ->flags can be updated non-atomically,
	 * but that will never affect SWP_FS_OPS, so the data_race
	 * is safe.
	 */
	return !data_race(folio_swap_flags(folio) & SWP_FS_OPS);
}

/*
 * shrink_folio_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages
 */
static unsigned int shrink_folio_list(struct list_head *folio_list,
		struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc,
		struct reclaim_stat *stat, bool ignore_references,
		struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	struct folio_batch free_folios;
	LIST_HEAD(ret_folios);
	LIST_HEAD(demote_folios);
	unsigned int nr_reclaimed = 0, nr_demoted = 0;
	unsigned int pgactivate = 0;
	bool do_demote_pass;
	struct swap_iocb *plug = NULL;

	folio_batch_init(&free_folios);
	memset(stat, 0, sizeof(*stat));
	cond_resched();
	do_demote_pass = can_demote(pgdat->node_id, sc, memcg);

retry:
	while (!list_empty(folio_list)) {
		struct address_space *mapping;
		struct folio *folio;
		enum folio_references references = FOLIOREF_RECLAIM;
		bool dirty, writeback;
		unsigned int nr_pages;

		cond_resched();

		folio = lru_to_folio(folio_list);
		list_del(&folio->lru);

		if (!folio_trylock(folio))
			goto keep;

		if (folio_contain_hwpoisoned_page(folio)) {
			/*
			 * unmap_poisoned_folio() can't handle large
			 * folio, just skip it. memory_failure() will
			 * handle it if the UCE is triggered again.
			 */
			if (folio_test_large(folio))
				goto keep_locked;

			unmap_poisoned_folio(folio, folio_pfn(folio), false);
			folio_unlock(folio);
			folio_put(folio);
			continue;
		}

		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio), folio);

		nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);

		/* Account the number of base pages */
		sc->nr_scanned += nr_pages;

		if (unlikely(!folio_evictable(folio)))
			goto activate_locked;

		if (!sc->may_unmap && folio_mapped(folio))
			goto keep_locked;

		/*
		 * The number of dirty pages determines if a node is marked
		 * reclaim_congested. kswapd will stall and start writing
		 * folios if the tail of the LRU is all dirty unqueued folios.
		 */
		folio_check_dirty_writeback(folio, &dirty, &writeback);
		if (dirty || writeback)
			stat->nr_dirty += nr_pages;

		if (dirty && !writeback)
			stat->nr_unqueued_dirty += nr_pages;

		/*
		 * Treat this folio as congested if folios are cycling
		 * through the LRU so quickly that the folios marked
		 * for immediate reclaim are making it to the end of
		 * the LRU a second time.
		 */
		if (writeback && folio_test_reclaim(folio))
			stat->nr_congested += nr_pages;

		/*
		 * If a folio at the tail of the LRU is under writeback, there
		 * are three cases to consider.
		 *
		 * 1) If reclaim is encountering an excessive number
		 *    of folios under writeback and this folio has both
		 *    the writeback and reclaim flags set, then it
		 *    indicates that folios are being queued for I/O but
		 *    are being recycled through the LRU before the I/O
		 *    can complete. Waiting on the folio itself risks an
		 *    indefinite stall if it is impossible to writeback
		 *    the folio due to I/O error or disconnected storage
		 *    so instead note that the LRU is being scanned too
		 *    quickly and the caller can stall after the folio
		 *    list has been processed.
		 *
		 * 2) Global or new memcg reclaim encounters a folio that is
		 *    not marked for immediate reclaim, or the caller does not
		 *    have __GFP_FS (or __GFP_IO if it's simply going to swap,
		 *    not to fs), or the folio belongs to a mapping where
		 *    waiting on writeback during reclaim may lead to a deadlock.
		 *    In this case mark the folio for immediate reclaim and
		 *    continue scanning.
		 *
		 *    Require may_enter_fs() because we would wait on fs, which
		 *    may not have submitted I/O yet. And the loop driver might
		 *    enter reclaim, and deadlock if it waits on a folio for
		 *    which it is needed to do the write (loop masks off
		 *    __GFP_IO|__GFP_FS for this reason); but more thought
		 *    would probably show more reasons.
		 *
		 * 3) Legacy memcg encounters a folio that already has the
		 *    reclaim flag set. memcg does not have any dirty folio
		 *    throttling so we could easily OOM just because too many
		 *    folios are in writeback and there is nothing else to
		 *    reclaim. Wait for the writeback to complete.
		 *
		 * In cases 1) and 2) we activate the folios to get them out of
		 * the way while we continue scanning for clean folios on the
		 * inactive list and refilling from the active list. The
		 * observation here is that waiting for disk writes is more
		 * expensive than potentially causing reloads down the line.
		 * Since they're marked for immediate reclaim, they won't put
		 * memory pressure on the cache working set any longer than it
		 * takes to write them to disk.
		 */
		if (folio_test_writeback(folio)) {
			mapping = folio_mapping(folio);

			/* Case 1 above */
			if (current_is_kswapd() &&
			    folio_test_reclaim(folio) &&
			    test_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags)) {
				stat->nr_immediate += nr_pages;
				goto activate_locked;

			/* Case 2 above */
			} else if (writeback_throttling_sane(sc) ||
			    !folio_test_reclaim(folio) ||
			    !may_enter_fs(folio, sc->gfp_mask) ||
			    (mapping &&
			     mapping_writeback_may_deadlock_on_reclaim(mapping))) {
				/*
				 * This is slightly racy -
				 * folio_end_writeback() might have
				 * just cleared the reclaim flag, then
				 * setting the reclaim flag here ends up
				 * interpreted as the readahead flag - but
				 * that does not matter enough to care.
				 * What we do want is for this folio to
				 * have the reclaim flag set next time
				 * memcg reclaim reaches the tests above,
				 * so it will then wait for writeback to
				 * avoid OOM; and it's also appropriate
				 * in global reclaim.
				 */
				folio_set_reclaim(folio);
				stat->nr_writeback += nr_pages;
				goto activate_locked;

			/* Case 3 above */
			} else {
				folio_unlock(folio);
				folio_wait_writeback(folio);
				/* then go back and try same folio again */
				list_add_tail(&folio->lru, folio_list);
				continue;
			}
		}

		if (!ignore_references)
			references = folio_check_references(folio, sc);

		switch (references) {
		case FOLIOREF_ACTIVATE:
			goto activate_locked;
		case FOLIOREF_KEEP:
			stat->nr_ref_keep += nr_pages;
			goto keep_locked;
		case FOLIOREF_RECLAIM:
		case FOLIOREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN:
			; /* try to reclaim the folio below */
		}

		/*
		 * Before reclaiming the folio, try to relocate
		 * its contents to another node.
		 */
		if (do_demote_pass &&
		    (thp_migration_supported() || !folio_test_large(folio))) {
			list_add(&folio->lru, &demote_folios);
			folio_unlock(folio);
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Anonymous process memory has backing store?
		 * Try to allocate it some swap space here.
		 * Lazyfree folio could be freed directly
		 */
		if (folio_test_anon(folio) && folio_test_swapbacked(folio) &&
				!folio_test_swapcache(folio)) {
			if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO))
				goto keep_locked;
			if (folio_maybe_dma_pinned(folio))
				goto keep_locked;
			if (folio_test_large(folio)) {
				/* cannot split folio, skip it */
				if (folio_expected_ref_count(folio) !=
				    folio_ref_count(folio) - 1)
					goto activate_locked;
				/*
				 * Split partially mapped folios right away.
				 * We can free the unmapped pages without IO.
				 */
				if (data_race(!list_empty(&folio->_deferred_list) &&
				    folio_test_partially_mapped(folio)) &&
				    split_folio_to_list(folio, folio_list))
					goto activate_locked;
			}
			if (folio_alloc_swap(folio)) {
				int __maybe_unused order = folio_order(folio);

				if (!folio_test_large(folio))
					goto activate_locked_split;
				/* Fallback to swap normal pages */
				if (split_folio_to_list(folio, folio_list))
					goto activate_locked;
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
				if (nr_pages >= HPAGE_PMD_NR) {
					count_memcg_folio_events(folio,
						THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK, 1);
					count_vm_event(THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK);
				}
#endif
				count_mthp_stat(order, MTHP_STAT_SWPOUT_FALLBACK);
				if (folio_alloc_swap(folio))
					goto activate_locked_split;
			}
			/*
			 * Normally the folio will be dirtied in unmap because
			 * its pte should be dirty. A special case is MADV_FREE
			 * page. The page's pte could have dirty bit cleared but
			 * the folio's SwapBacked flag is still set because
			 * clearing the dirty bit and SwapBacked flag has no
			 * lock protected. For such folio, unmap will not set
			 * dirty bit for it, so folio reclaim will not write the
			 * folio out. This can cause data corruption when the
			 * folio is swapped in later. Always setting the dirty
			 * flag for the folio solves the problem.
			 */
			folio_mark_dirty(folio);
		}

		/*
		 * If the folio was split above, the tail pages will make
		 * their own pass through this function and be accounted
		 * then.
		 */
		if ((nr_pages > 1) && !folio_test_large(folio)) {
			sc->nr_scanned -= (nr_pages - 1);
			nr_pages = 1;
		}

		/*
		 * The folio is mapped into the page tables of one or more
		 * processes. Try to unmap it here.
		 */
		if (folio_mapped(folio)) {
			enum ttu_flags flags = TTU_BATCH_FLUSH;
			bool was_swapbacked = folio_test_swapbacked(folio);

			if (folio_test_pmd_mappable(folio))
				flags |= TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD;
			/*
			 * Without TTU_SYNC, try_to_unmap will only begin to
			 * hold PTL from the first present PTE within a large
			 * folio. Some initial PTEs might be skipped due to
			 * races with parallel PTE writes in which PTEs can be
			 * cleared temporarily before being written new present
			 * values. This will lead to a large folio is still
			 * mapped while some subpages have been partially
			 * unmapped after try_to_unmap; TTU_SYNC helps
			 * try_to_unmap acquire PTL from the first PTE,
			 * eliminating the influence of temporary PTE values.
			 */
			if (folio_test_large(folio))
				flags |= TTU_SYNC;

			try_to_unmap(folio, flags);
			if (folio_mapped(folio)) {
				stat->nr_unmap_fail += nr_pages;
				if (!was_swapbacked &&
				    folio_test_swapbacked(folio))
					stat->nr_lazyfree_fail += nr_pages;
				goto activate_locked;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Folio is unmapped now so it cannot be newly pinned anymore.
		 * No point in trying to reclaim folio if it is pinned.
		 * Furthermore we don't want to reclaim underlying fs metadata
		 * if the folio is pinned and thus potentially modified by the
		 * pinning process as that may upset the filesystem.
		 */
		if (folio_maybe_dma_pinned(folio))
			goto activate_locked;

		mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
		if (folio_test_dirty(folio)) {
			if (folio_is_file_lru(folio)) {
				/*
				 * Immediately reclaim when written back.
				 * Similar in principle to folio_deactivate()
				 * except we already have the folio isolated
				 * and know it's dirty
				 */
				node_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE,
						nr_pages);
				if (!folio_test_reclaim(folio))
					folio_set_reclaim(folio);

				goto activate_locked;
			}

			if (references == FOLIOREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN)
				goto keep_locked;
			if (!may_enter_fs(folio, sc->gfp_mask))
				goto keep_locked;
			if (!sc->may_writepage)
				goto keep_locked;

			/*
			 * Folio is dirty. Flush the TLB if a writable entry
			 * potentially exists to avoid CPU writes after I/O
			 * starts and then write it out here.
			 */
			try_to_unmap_flush_dirty();
			switch (pageout(folio, mapping, &plug, folio_list)) {
			case PAGE_KEEP:
				goto keep_locked;
			case PAGE_ACTIVATE:
				/*
				 * If shmem folio is split when writeback to swap,
				 * the tail pages will make their own pass through
				 * this function and be accounted then.
				 */
				if (nr_pages > 1 && !folio_test_large(folio)) {
					sc->nr_scanned -= (nr_pages - 1);
					nr_pages = 1;
				}
				goto activate_locked;
			case PAGE_SUCCESS:
				if (nr_pages > 1 && !folio_test_large(folio)) {
					sc->nr_scanned -= (nr_pages - 1);
					nr_pages = 1;
				}
				stat->nr_pageout += nr_pages;

				if (folio_test_writeback(folio))
					goto keep;
				if (folio_test_dirty(folio))
					goto keep;

				/*
				 * A synchronous write - probably a ramdisk.  Go
				 * ahead and try to reclaim the folio.
				 */
				if (!folio_trylock(folio))
					goto keep;
				if (folio_test_dirty(folio) ||
				    folio_test_writeback(folio))
					goto keep_locked;
				mapping = folio_mapping(folio);
				fallthrough;
			case PAGE_CLEAN:
				; /* try to free the folio below */
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If the folio has buffers, try to free the buffer
		 * mappings associated with this folio. If we succeed
		 * we try to free the folio as well.
		 *
		 * We do this even if the folio is dirty.
		 * filemap_release_folio() does not perform I/O, but it
		 * is possible for a folio to have the dirty flag set,
		 * but it is actually clean (all its buffers are clean).
		 * This happens if the buffers were written out directly,
		 * with submit_bh(). ext3 will do this, as well as
		 * the blockdev mapping.  filemap_release_folio() will
		 * discover that cleanness and will drop the buffers
		 * and mark the folio clean - it can be freed.
		 *
		 * Rarely, folios can have buffers and no ->mapping.
		 * These are the folios which were not successfully
		 * invalidated in truncate_cleanup_folio().  We try to
		 * drop those buffers here and if that worked, and the
		 * folio is no longer mapped into process address space
		 * (refcount == 1) it can be freed.  Otherwise, leave
		 * the folio on the LRU so it is swappable.
		 */
		if (folio_needs_release(folio)) {
			if (!filemap_release_folio(folio, sc->gfp_mask))
				goto activate_locked;
			if (!mapping && folio_ref_count(folio) == 1) {
				folio_unlock(folio);
				if (folio_put_testzero(folio))
					goto free_it;
				else {
					/*
					 * rare race with speculative reference.
					 * the speculative reference will free
					 * this folio shortly, so we may
					 * increment nr_reclaimed here (and
					 * leave it off the LRU).
					 */
					nr_reclaimed += nr_pages;
					continue;
				}
			}
		}

		if (folio_test_lazyfree(folio)) {
			/* follow __remove_mapping for reference */
			if (!folio_ref_freeze(folio, 1))
				goto keep_locked;
			/*
			 * The folio has only one reference left, which is
			 * from the isolation. After the caller puts the
			 * folio back on the lru and drops the reference, the
			 * folio will be freed anyway. It doesn't matter
			 * which lru it goes on. So we don't bother checking
			 * the dirty flag here.
			 */
			count_vm_events(PGLAZYFREED, nr_pages);
			count_memcg_folio_events(folio, PGLAZYFREED, nr_pages);
		} else if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, folio, true,
							 sc->target_mem_cgroup))
			goto keep_locked;

		folio_unlock(folio);
free_it:
		/*
		 * Folio may get swapped out as a whole, need to account
		 * all pages in it.
		 */
		nr_reclaimed += nr_pages;

		folio_unqueue_deferred_split(folio);
		if (folio_batch_add(&free_folios, folio) == 0) {
			mem_cgroup_uncharge_folios(&free_folios);
			try_to_unmap_flush();
			free_unref_folios(&free_folios);
		}
		continue;

activate_locked_split:
		/*
		 * The tail pages that are failed to add into swap cache
		 * reach here.  Fixup nr_scanned and nr_pages.
		 */
		if (nr_pages > 1) {
			sc->nr_scanned -= (nr_pages - 1);
			nr_pages = 1;
		}
activate_locked:
		/* Not a candidate for swapping, so reclaim swap space. */
		if (folio_test_swapcache(folio) &&
		    (mem_cgroup_swap_full(folio) || folio_test_mlocked(folio)))
			folio_free_swap(folio);
		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio), folio);
		if (!folio_test_mlocked(folio)) {
			int type = folio_is_file_lru(folio);
			folio_set_active(folio);
			stat->nr_activate[type] += nr_pages;
			count_memcg_folio_events(folio, PGACTIVATE, nr_pages);
		}
keep_locked:
		folio_unlock(folio);
keep:
		list_add(&folio->lru, &ret_folios);
		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_lru(folio) ||
				folio_test_unevictable(folio), folio);
	}
	/* 'folio_list' is always empty here */

	/* Migrate folios selected for demotion */
	nr_demoted = demote_folio_list(&demote_folios, pgdat, memcg);
	nr_reclaimed += nr_demoted;
	stat->nr_demoted += nr_demoted;
	/* Folios that could not be demoted are still in @demote_folios */
	if (!list_empty(&demote_folios)) {
		/* Folios which weren't demoted go back on @folio_list */
		list_splice_init(&demote_folios, folio_list);

		/*
		 * goto retry to reclaim the undemoted folios in folio_list if
		 * desired.
		 *
		 * Reclaiming directly from top tier nodes is not often desired
		 * due to it breaking the LRU ordering: in general memory
		 * should be reclaimed from lower tier nodes and demoted from
		 * top tier nodes.
		 *
		 * However, disabling reclaim from top tier nodes entirely
		 * would cause ooms in edge scenarios where lower tier memory
		 * is unreclaimable for whatever reason, eg memory being
		 * mlocked or too hot to reclaim. We can disable reclaim
		 * from top tier nodes in proactive reclaim though as that is
		 * not real memory pressure.
		 */
		if (!sc->proactive) {
			do_demote_pass = false;
			goto retry;
		}
	}

	pgactivate = stat->nr_activate[0] + stat->nr_activate[1];

	mem_cgroup_uncharge_folios(&free_folios);
	try_to_unmap_flush();
	free_unref_folios(&free_folios);

	list_splice(&ret_folios, folio_list);
	count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate);

	if (plug)
		swap_write_unplug(plug);
	return nr_reclaimed;
}

unsigned int reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone,
					   struct list_head *folio_list)
{
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
		.may_unmap = 1,
	};
	struct reclaim_stat stat;
	unsigned int nr_reclaimed;
	struct folio *folio, *next;
	LIST_HEAD(clean_folios);
	unsigned int noreclaim_flag;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(folio, next, folio_list, lru) {
		/* TODO: these pages should not even appear in this list. */
		if (page_has_movable_ops(&folio->page))
			continue;
		if (!folio_test_hugetlb(folio) && folio_is_file_lru(folio) &&
		    !folio_test_dirty(folio) && !folio_test_unevictable(folio)) {
			folio_clear_active(folio);
			list_move(&folio->lru, &clean_folios);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * We should be safe here since we are only dealing with file pages and
	 * we are not kswapd and therefore cannot write dirty file pages. But
	 * call memalloc_noreclaim_save() anyway, just in case these conditions
	 * change in the future.
	 */
	noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
	nr_reclaimed = shrink_folio_list(&clean_folios, zone->zone_pgdat, &sc,
					&stat, true, NULL);
	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);

	list_splice(&clean_folios, folio_list);
	mod_node_page_state(zone->zone_pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE,
			    -(long)nr_reclaimed);
	/*
	 * Since lazyfree pages are isolated from file LRU from the beginning,
	 * they will rotate back to anonymous LRU in the end if it failed to
	 * discard so isolated count will be mismatched.
	 * Compensate the isolated count for both LRU lists.
	 */
	mod_node_page_state(zone->zone_pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON,
			    stat.nr_lazyfree_fail);
	mod_node_page_state(zone->zone_pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE,
			    -(long)stat.nr_lazyfree_fail);
	return nr_reclaimed;
}

/*
 * Update LRU sizes after isolating pages. The LRU size updates must
 * be complete before mem_cgroup_update_lru_size due to a sanity check.
 */
static __always_inline void update_lru_sizes(struct lruvec *lruvec,
			enum lru_list lru, unsigned long *nr_zone_taken)
{
	int zid;

	for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
		if (!nr_zone_taken[zid])
			continue;

		update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid, -nr_zone_taken[zid]);
	}

}

/*
 * Isolating page from the lruvec to fill in @dst list by nr_to_scan times.
 *
 * lruvec->lru_lock is heavily contended.  Some of the functions that
 * shrink the lists perform better by taking out a batch of pages
 * and working on them outside the LRU lock.
 *
 * For pagecache intensive workloads, this function is the hottest
 * spot in the kernel (apart from copy_*_user functions).
 *
 * Lru_lock must be held before calling this function.
 *
 * @nr_to_scan:	The number of eligible pages to look through on the list.
 * @lruvec:	The LRU vector to pull pages from.
 * @dst:	The temp list to put pages on to.
 * @nr_scanned:	The number of pages that were scanned.
 * @sc:		The scan_control struct for this reclaim session
 * @lru:	LRU list id for isolating
 *
 * returns how many pages were moved onto *@dst.
 */
static unsigned long isolate_lru_folios(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
		struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *dst,
		unsigned long *nr_scanned, struct scan_control *sc,
		enum lru_list lru)
{
	struct list_head *src = &lruvec->lists[lru];
	unsigned long nr_taken = 0;
	unsigned long nr_zone_taken[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
	unsigned long nr_skipped[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
	unsigned long skipped = 0, total_scan = 0, scan = 0;
	unsigned long nr_pages;
	unsigned long max_nr_skipped = 0;
	LIST_HEAD(folios_skipped);

	while (scan < nr_to_scan && !list_empty(src)) {
		struct list_head *move_to = src;
		struct folio *folio;

		folio = lru_to_folio(src);
		prefetchw_prev_lru_folio(folio, src, flags);

		nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);
		total_scan += nr_pages;

		/* Using max_nr_skipped to prevent hard LOCKUP*/
		if (max_nr_skipped < SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX_SKIPPED &&
		    (folio_zonenum(folio) > sc->reclaim_idx)) {
			nr_skipped[folio_zonenum(folio)] += nr_pages;
			move_to = &folios_skipped;
			max_nr_skipped++;
			goto move;
		}

		/*
		 * Do not count skipped folios because that makes the function
		 * return with no isolated folios if the LRU mostly contains
		 * ineligible folios.  This causes the VM to not reclaim any
		 * folios, triggering a premature OOM.
		 * Account all pages in a folio.
		 */
		scan += nr_pages;

		if (!folio_test_lru(folio))
			goto move;
		if (!sc->may_unmap && folio_mapped(folio))
			goto move;

		/*
		 * Be careful not to clear the lru flag until after we're
		 * sure the folio is not being freed elsewhere -- the
		 * folio release code relies on it.
		 */
		if (unlikely(!folio_try_get(folio)))
			goto move;

		if (!folio_test_clear_lru(folio)) {
			/* Another thread is already isolating this folio */
			folio_put(folio);
			goto move;
		}

		nr_taken += nr_pages;
		nr_zone_taken[folio_zonenum(folio)] += nr_pages;
		move_to = dst;
move:
		list_move(&folio->lru, move_to);
	}

	/*
	 * Splice any skipped folios to the start of the LRU list. Note that
	 * this disrupts the LRU order when reclaiming for lower zones but
	 * we cannot splice to the tail. If we did then the SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
	 * scanning would soon rescan the same folios to skip and waste lots
	 * of cpu cycles.
	 */
	if (!list_empty(&folios_skipped)) {
		int zid;

		list_splice(&folios_skipped, src);
		for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
			if (!nr_skipped[zid])
				continue;

			__count_zid_vm_events(PGSCAN_SKIP, zid, nr_skipped[zid]);
			skipped += nr_skipped[zid];
		}
	}
	*nr_scanned = total_scan;
	trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(sc->reclaim_idx, sc->order, nr_to_scan,
				    total_scan, skipped, nr_taken, lru);
	update_lru_sizes(lruvec, lru, nr_zone_taken);
	return nr_taken;
}

/**
 * folio_isolate_lru() - Try to isolate a folio from its LRU list.
 * @folio: Folio to isolate from its LRU list.
 *
 * Isolate a @folio from an LRU list and adjust the vmstat statistic
 * corresponding to whatever LRU list the folio was on.
 *
 * The folio will have its LRU flag cleared.  If it was found on the
 * active list, it will have the Active flag set.  If it was found on the
 * unevictable list, it will have the Unevictable flag set.  These flags
 * may need to be cleared by the caller before letting the page go.
 *
 * Context:
 *
 * (1) Must be called with an elevated refcount on the folio. This is a
 *     fundamental difference from isolate_lru_folios() (which is called
 *     without a stable reference).
 * (2) The lru_lock must not be held.
 * (3) Interrupts must be enabled.
 *
 * Return: true if the folio was removed from an LRU list.
 * false if the folio was not on an LRU list.
 */
bool folio_isolate_lru(struct folio *folio)
{
	bool ret = false;

	VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_ref_count(folio), folio);

	if (folio_test_clear_lru(folio)) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec;

		folio_get(folio);
		lruvec = folio_lruvec_lock_irq(folio);
		lruvec_del_folio(lruvec, folio);
		unlock_page_lruvec_irq(lruvec);
		ret = true;
	}

	return ret;
}

/*
 * A direct reclaimer may isolate SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages from the LRU list and
 * then get rescheduled. When there are massive number of tasks doing page
 * allocation, such sleeping direct reclaimers may keep piling up on each CPU,
 * the LRU list will go small and be scanned faster than necessary, leading to
 * unnecessary swapping, thrashing and OOM.
 */
static bool too_many_isolated(struct pglist_data *pgdat, int file,
		struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long inactive, isolated;
	bool too_many;

	if (current_is_kswapd())
		return false;

	if (!writeback_throttling_sane(sc))
		return false;

	if (file) {
		inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
		isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE);
	} else {
		inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
		isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON);
	}

	/*
	 * GFP_NOIO/GFP_NOFS callers are allowed to isolate more pages, so they
	 * won't get blocked by normal direct-reclaimers, forming a circular
	 * deadlock.
	 */
	if (gfp_has_io_fs(sc->gfp_mask))
		inactive >>= 3;

	too_many = isolated > inactive;

	/* Wake up tasks throttled due to too_many_isolated. */
	if (!too_many)
		wake_throttle_isolated(pgdat);

	return too_many;
}

/*
 * move_folios_to_lru() moves folios from private @list to appropriate LRU list.
 *
 * Returns the number of pages moved to the given lruvec.
 */
static unsigned int move_folios_to_lru(struct lruvec *lruvec,
		struct list_head *list)
{
	int nr_pages, nr_moved = 0;
	struct folio_batch free_folios;

	folio_batch_init(&free_folios);
	while (!list_empty(list)) {
		struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(list);

		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_lru(folio), folio);
		list_del(&folio->lru);
		if (unlikely(!folio_evictable(folio))) {
			spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
			folio_putback_lru(folio);
			spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * The folio_set_lru needs to be kept here for list integrity.
		 * Otherwise:
		 *   #0 move_folios_to_lru             #1 release_pages
		 *   if (!folio_put_testzero())
		 *				      if (folio_put_testzero())
		 *				        !lru //skip lru_lock
		 *     folio_set_lru()
		 *     list_add(&folio->lru,)
		 *                                        list_add(&folio->lru,)
		 */
		folio_set_lru(folio);

		if (unlikely(folio_put_testzero(folio))) {
			__folio_clear_lru_flags(folio);

			folio_unqueue_deferred_split(folio);
			if (folio_batch_add(&free_folios, folio) == 0) {
				spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
				mem_cgroup_uncharge_folios(&free_folios);
				free_unref_folios(&free_folios);
				spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
			}

			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * All pages were isolated from the same lruvec (and isolation
		 * inhibits memcg migration).
		 */
		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_matches_lruvec(folio, lruvec), folio);
		lruvec_add_folio(lruvec, folio);
		nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);
		nr_moved += nr_pages;
		if (folio_test_active(folio))
			workingset_age_nonresident(lruvec, nr_pages);
	}

	if (free_folios.nr) {
		spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
		mem_cgroup_uncharge_folios(&free_folios);
		free_unref_folios(&free_folios);
		spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
	}

	return nr_moved;
}

/*
 * If a kernel thread (such as nfsd for loop-back mounts) services a backing
 * device by writing to the page cache it sets PF_LOCAL_THROTTLE. In this case
 * we should not throttle.  Otherwise it is safe to do so.
 */
static int current_may_throttle(void)
{
	return !(current->flags & PF_LOCAL_THROTTLE);
}

/*
 * shrink_inactive_list() is a helper for shrink_node().  It returns the number
 * of reclaimed pages
 */
static unsigned long shrink_inactive_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
		struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc,
		enum lru_list lru)
{
	LIST_HEAD(folio_list);
	unsigned long nr_scanned;
	unsigned int nr_reclaimed = 0;
	unsigned long nr_taken;
	struct reclaim_stat stat;
	bool file = is_file_lru(lru);
	enum node_stat_item item;
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
	bool stalled = false;

	while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(pgdat, file, sc))) {
		if (stalled)
			return 0;

		/* wait a bit for the reclaimer. */
		stalled = true;
		reclaim_throttle(pgdat, VMSCAN_THROTTLE_ISOLATED);

		/* We are about to die and free our memory. Return now. */
		if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
			return SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
	}

	lru_add_drain();

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	nr_taken = isolate_lru_folios(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &folio_list,
				     &nr_scanned, sc, lru);

	__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
	item = PGSCAN_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, item, nr_scanned);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGSCAN_ANON + file, nr_scanned);

	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	if (nr_taken == 0)
		return 0;

	nr_reclaimed = shrink_folio_list(&folio_list, pgdat, sc, &stat, false,
					 lruvec_memcg(lruvec));

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
	move_folios_to_lru(lruvec, &folio_list);

	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGDEMOTE_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc),
					stat.nr_demoted);
	__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);
	item = PGSTEAL_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, item, nr_reclaimed);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGSTEAL_ANON + file, nr_reclaimed);

	lru_note_cost_unlock_irq(lruvec, file, stat.nr_pageout,
					nr_scanned - nr_reclaimed);

	/*
	 * If dirty folios are scanned that are not queued for IO, it
	 * implies that flushers are not doing their job. This can
	 * happen when memory pressure pushes dirty folios to the end of
	 * the LRU before the dirty limits are breached and the dirty
	 * data has expired. It can also happen when the proportion of
	 * dirty folios grows not through writes but through memory
	 * pressure reclaiming all the clean cache. And in some cases,
	 * the flushers simply cannot keep up with the allocation
	 * rate. Nudge the flusher threads in case they are asleep.
	 */
	if (stat.nr_unqueued_dirty == nr_taken) {
		wakeup_flusher_threads(WB_REASON_VMSCAN);
		/*
		 * For cgroupv1 dirty throttling is achieved by waking up
		 * the kernel flusher here and later waiting on folios
		 * which are in writeback to finish (see shrink_folio_list()).
		 *
		 * Flusher may not be able to issue writeback quickly
		 * enough for cgroupv1 writeback throttling to work
		 * on a large system.
		 */
		if (!writeback_throttling_sane(sc))
			reclaim_throttle(pgdat, VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK);
	}

	sc->nr.dirty += stat.nr_dirty;
	sc->nr.congested += stat.nr_congested;
	sc->nr.unqueued_dirty += stat.nr_unqueued_dirty;
	sc->nr.writeback += stat.nr_writeback;
	sc->nr.immediate += stat.nr_immediate;
	sc->nr.taken += nr_taken;
	if (file)
		sc->nr.file_taken += nr_taken;

	trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(pgdat->node_id,
			nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed, &stat, sc->priority, file);
	return nr_reclaimed;
}

/*
 * shrink_active_list() moves folios from the active LRU to the inactive LRU.
 *
 * We move them the other way if the folio is referenced by one or more
 * processes.
 *
 * If the folios are mostly unmapped, the processing is fast and it is
 * appropriate to hold lru_lock across the whole operation.  But if
 * the folios are mapped, the processing is slow (folio_referenced()), so
 * we should drop lru_lock around each folio.  It's impossible to balance
 * this, so instead we remove the folios from the LRU while processing them.
 * It is safe to rely on the active flag against the non-LRU folios in here
 * because nobody will play with that bit on a non-LRU folio.
 *
 * The downside is that we have to touch folio->_refcount against each folio.
 * But we had to alter folio->flags anyway.
 */
static void shrink_active_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
			       struct lruvec *lruvec,
			       struct scan_control *sc,
			       enum lru_list lru)
{
	unsigned long nr_taken;
	unsigned long nr_scanned;
	vm_flags_t vm_flags;
	LIST_HEAD(l_hold);	/* The folios which were snipped off */
	LIST_HEAD(l_active);
	LIST_HEAD(l_inactive);
	unsigned nr_deactivate, nr_activate;
	unsigned nr_rotated = 0;
	bool file = is_file_lru(lru);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

	lru_add_drain();

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	nr_taken = isolate_lru_folios(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &l_hold,
				     &nr_scanned, sc, lru);

	__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);

	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGREFILL, nr_scanned);

	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	while (!list_empty(&l_hold)) {
		struct folio *folio;

		cond_resched();
		folio = lru_to_folio(&l_hold);
		list_del(&folio->lru);

		if (unlikely(!folio_evictable(folio))) {
			folio_putback_lru(folio);
			continue;
		}

		if (unlikely(buffer_heads_over_limit)) {
			if (folio_needs_release(folio) &&
			    folio_trylock(folio)) {
				filemap_release_folio(folio, 0);
				folio_unlock(folio);
			}
		}

		/* Referenced or rmap lock contention: rotate */
		if (folio_referenced(folio, 0, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
				     &vm_flags) != 0) {
			/*
			 * Identify referenced, file-backed active folios and
			 * give them one more trip around the active list. So
			 * that executable code get better chances to stay in
			 * memory under moderate memory pressure.  Anon folios
			 * are not likely to be evicted by use-once streaming
			 * IO, plus JVM can create lots of anon VM_EXEC folios,
			 * so we ignore them here.
			 */
			if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && folio_is_file_lru(folio)) {
				nr_rotated += folio_nr_pages(folio);
				list_add(&folio->lru, &l_active);
				continue;
			}
		}

		folio_clear_active(folio);	/* we are de-activating */
		folio_set_workingset(folio);
		list_add(&folio->lru, &l_inactive);
	}

	/*
	 * Move folios back to the lru list.
	 */
	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	nr_activate = move_folios_to_lru(lruvec, &l_active);
	nr_deactivate = move_folios_to_lru(lruvec, &l_inactive);

	__count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, nr_deactivate);
	count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGDEACTIVATE, nr_deactivate);

	__mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);

	lru_note_cost_unlock_irq(lruvec, file, 0, nr_rotated);
	trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_active(pgdat->node_id, nr_taken, nr_activate,
			nr_deactivate, nr_rotated, sc->priority, file);
}

static unsigned int reclaim_folio_list(struct list_head *folio_list,
				      struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	struct reclaim_stat stat;
	unsigned int nr_reclaimed;
	struct folio *folio;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
		.may_writepage = 1,
		.may_unmap = 1,
		.may_swap = 1,
		.no_demotion = 1,
	};

	nr_reclaimed = shrink_folio_list(folio_list, pgdat, &sc, &stat, true, NULL);
	while (!list_empty(folio_list)) {
		folio = lru_to_folio(folio_list);
		list_del(&folio->lru);
		folio_putback_lru(folio);
	}
	trace_mm_vmscan_reclaim_pages(pgdat->node_id, sc.nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed, &stat);

	return nr_reclaimed;
}

unsigned long reclaim_pages(struct list_head *folio_list)
{
	int nid;
	unsigned int nr_reclaimed = 0;
	LIST_HEAD(node_folio_list);
	unsigned int noreclaim_flag;

	if (list_empty(folio_list))
		return nr_reclaimed;

	noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();

	nid = folio_nid(lru_to_folio(folio_list));
	do {
		struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(folio_list);

		if (nid == folio_nid(folio)) {
			folio_clear_active(folio);
			list_move(&folio->lru, &node_folio_list);
			continue;
		}

		nr_reclaimed += reclaim_folio_list(&node_folio_list, NODE_DATA(nid));
		nid = folio_nid(lru_to_folio(folio_list));
	} while (!list_empty(folio_list));

	nr_reclaimed += reclaim_folio_list(&node_folio_list, NODE_DATA(nid));

	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);

	return nr_reclaimed;
}

static unsigned long shrink_list(enum lru_list lru, unsigned long nr_to_scan,
				 struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
		if (sc->may_deactivate & (1 << is_file_lru(lru)))
			shrink_active_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
		else
			sc->skipped_deactivate = 1;
		return 0;
	}

	return shrink_inactive_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
}

/*
 * The inactive anon list should be small enough that the VM never has
 * to do too much work.
 *
 * The inactive file list should be small enough to leave most memory
 * to the established workingset on the scan-resistant active list,
 * but large enough to avoid thrashing the aggregate readahead window.
 *
 * Both inactive lists should also be large enough that each inactive
 * folio has a chance to be referenced again before it is reclaimed.
 *
 * If that fails and refaulting is observed, the inactive list grows.
 *
 * The inactive_ratio is the target ratio of ACTIVE to INACTIVE folios
 * on this LRU, maintained by the pageout code. An inactive_ratio
 * of 3 means 3:1 or 25% of the folios are kept on the inactive list.
 *
 * total     target    max
 * memory    ratio     inactive
 * -------------------------------------
 *   10MB       1         5MB
 *  100MB       1        50MB
 *    1GB       3       250MB
 *   10GB      10       0.9GB
 *  100GB      31         3GB
 *    1TB     101        10GB
 *   10TB     320        32GB
 */
static bool inactive_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list inactive_lru)
{
	enum lru_list active_lru = inactive_lru + LRU_ACTIVE;
	unsigned long inactive, active;
	unsigned long inactive_ratio;
	unsigned long gb;

	inactive = lruvec_page_state(lruvec, NR_LRU_BASE + inactive_lru);
	active = lruvec_page_state(lruvec, NR_LRU_BASE + active_lru);

	gb = (inactive + active) >> (30 - PAGE_SHIFT);
	if (gb)
		inactive_ratio = int_sqrt(10 * gb);
	else
		inactive_ratio = 1;

	return inactive * inactive_ratio < active;
}

enum scan_balance {
	SCAN_EQUAL,
	SCAN_FRACT,
	SCAN_ANON,
	SCAN_FILE,
};

static void prepare_scan_control(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long file;
	struct lruvec *target_lruvec;

	if (lru_gen_enabled() && !lru_gen_switching())
		return;

	target_lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(sc->target_mem_cgroup, pgdat);

	/*
	 * Flush the memory cgroup stats in rate-limited way as we don't need
	 * most accurate stats here. We may switch to regular stats flushing
	 * in the future once it is cheap enough.
	 */
	mem_cgroup_flush_stats_ratelimited(sc->target_mem_cgroup);

	/*
	 * Determine the scan balance between anon and file LRUs.
	 */
	spin_lock_irq(&target_lruvec->lru_lock);
	sc->anon_cost = target_lruvec->anon_cost;
	sc->file_cost = target_lruvec->file_cost;
	spin_unlock_irq(&target_lruvec->lru_lock);

	/*
	 * Target desirable inactive:active list ratios for the anon
	 * and file LRU lists.
	 */
	if (!sc->force_deactivate) {
		unsigned long refaults;

		/*
		 * When refaults are being observed, it means a new
		 * workingset is being established. Deactivate to get
		 * rid of any stale active pages quickly.
		 */
		refaults = lruvec_page_state(target_lruvec,
				WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE_ANON);
		if (refaults != target_lruvec->refaults[WORKINGSET_ANON] ||
			inactive_is_low(target_lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON))
			sc->may_deactivate |= DEACTIVATE_ANON;
		else
			sc->may_deactivate &= ~DEACTIVATE_ANON;

		refaults = lruvec_page_state(target_lruvec,
				WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE_FILE);
		if (refaults != target_lruvec->refaults[WORKINGSET_FILE] ||
		    inactive_is_low(target_lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE))
			sc->may_deactivate |= DEACTIVATE_FILE;
		else
			sc->may_deactivate &= ~DEACTIVATE_FILE;
	} else
		sc->may_deactivate = DEACTIVATE_ANON | DEACTIVATE_FILE;

	/*
	 * If we have plenty of inactive file pages that aren't
	 * thrashing, try to reclaim those first before touching
	 * anonymous pages.
	 */
	file = lruvec_page_state(target_lruvec, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
	if (file >> sc->priority && !(sc->may_deactivate & DEACTIVATE_FILE) &&
	    !sc->no_cache_trim_mode)
		sc->cache_trim_mode = 1;
	else
		sc->cache_trim_mode = 0;

	/*
	 * Prevent the reclaimer from falling into the cache trap: as
	 * cache pages start out inactive, every cache fault will tip
	 * the scan balance towards the file LRU.  And as the file LRU
	 * shrinks, so does the window for rotation from references.
	 * This means we have a runaway feedback loop where a tiny
	 * thrashing file LRU becomes infinitely more attractive than
	 * anon pages.  Try to detect this based on file LRU size.
	 */
	if (!cgroup_reclaim(sc)) {
		unsigned long total_high_wmark = 0;
		unsigned long free, anon;
		int z;
		struct zone *zone;

		free = sum_zone_node_page_state(pgdat->node_id, NR_FREE_PAGES);
		file = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
			   node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);

		for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, z, MAX_NR_ZONES - 1) {
			total_high_wmark += high_wmark_pages(zone);
		}

		/*
		 * Consider anon: if that's low too, this isn't a
		 * runaway file reclaim problem, but rather just
		 * extreme pressure. Reclaim as per usual then.
		 */
		anon = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);

		sc->file_is_tiny =
			file + free <= total_high_wmark &&
			!(sc->may_deactivate & DEACTIVATE_ANON) &&
			anon >> sc->priority;
	}
}

static inline void calculate_pressure_balance(struct scan_control *sc,
			int swappiness, u64 *fraction, u64 *denominator)
{
	unsigned long anon_cost, file_cost, total_cost;
	unsigned long ap, fp;

	/*
	 * Calculate the pressure balance between anon and file pages.
	 *
	 * The amount of pressure we put on each LRU is inversely
	 * proportional to the cost of reclaiming each list, as
	 * determined by the share of pages that are refaulting, times
	 * the relative IO cost of bringing back a swapped out
	 * anonymous page vs reloading a filesystem page (swappiness).
	 *
	 * Although we limit that influence to ensure no list gets
	 * left behind completely: at least a third of the pressure is
	 * applied, before swappiness.
	 *
	 * With swappiness at 100, anon and file have equal IO cost.
	 */
	total_cost = sc->anon_cost + sc->file_cost;
	anon_cost = total_cost + sc->anon_cost;
	file_cost = total_cost + sc->file_cost;
	total_cost = anon_cost + file_cost;

	ap = swappiness * (total_cost + 1);
	ap /= anon_cost + 1;

	fp = (MAX_SWAPPINESS - swappiness) * (total_cost + 1);
	fp /= file_cost + 1;

	fraction[WORKINGSET_ANON] = ap;
	fraction[WORKINGSET_FILE] = fp;
	*denominator = ap + fp;
}

static unsigned long apply_proportional_protection(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
		struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long scan)
{
	unsigned long min, low, usage;

	mem_cgroup_protection(sc->target_mem_cgroup, memcg, &min, &low, &usage);

	if (min || low) {
		/*
		 * Scale a cgroup's reclaim pressure by proportioning
		 * its current usage to its memory.low or memory.min
		 * setting.
		 *
		 * This is important, as otherwise scanning aggression
		 * becomes extremely binary -- from nothing as we
		 * approach the memory protection threshold, to totally
		 * nominal as we exceed it.  This results in requiring
		 * setting extremely liberal protection thresholds. It
		 * also means we simply get no protection at all if we
		 * set it too low, which is not ideal.
		 *
		 * If there is any protection in place, we reduce scan
		 * pressure by how much of the total memory used is
		 * within protection thresholds.
		 *
		 * There is one special case: in the first reclaim pass,
		 * we skip over all groups that are within their low
		 * protection. If that fails to reclaim enough pages to
		 * satisfy the reclaim goal, we come back and override
		 * the best-effort low protection. However, we still
		 * ideally want to honor how well-behaved groups are in
		 * that case instead of simply punishing them all
		 * equally. As such, we reclaim them based on how much
		 * memory they are using, reducing the scan pressure
		 * again by how much of the total memory used is under
		 * hard protection.
		 */
		unsigned long protection;

		/* memory.low scaling, make sure we retry before OOM */
		if (!sc->memcg_low_reclaim && low > min) {
			protection = low;
			sc->memcg_low_skipped = 1;
		} else {
			protection = min;
		}

		/* Avoid TOCTOU with earlier protection check */
		usage = max(usage, protection);

		scan -= scan * protection / (usage + 1);

		/*
		 * Minimally target SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages to keep
		 * reclaim moving forwards, avoiding decrementing
		 * sc->priority further than desirable.
		 */
		scan = max(scan, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
	}
	return scan;
}

/*
 * Determine how aggressively the anon and file LRU lists should be
 * scanned.
 *
 * nr[0] = anon inactive folios to scan; nr[1] = anon active folios to scan
 * nr[2] = file inactive folios to scan; nr[3] = file active folios to scan
 */
static void get_scan_count(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc,
			   unsigned long *nr)
{
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	int swappiness = sc_swappiness(sc, memcg);
	u64 fraction[ANON_AND_FILE];
	u64 denominator = 0;	/* gcc */
	enum scan_balance scan_balance;
	enum lru_list lru;

	/* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon folios. */
	if (!sc->may_swap || !can_reclaim_anon_pages(memcg, pgdat->node_id, sc)) {
		scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Global reclaim will swap to prevent OOM even with no
	 * swappiness, but memcg users want to use this knob to
	 * disable swapping for individual groups completely when
	 * using the memory controller's swap limit feature would be
	 * too expensive.
	 */
	if (cgroup_reclaim(sc) && !swappiness) {
		scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
		goto out;
	}

	/* Proactive reclaim initiated by userspace for anonymous memory only */
	if (swappiness == SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY) {
		WARN_ON_ONCE(!sc->proactive);
		scan_balance = SCAN_ANON;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Do not apply any pressure balancing cleverness when the
	 * system is close to OOM, scan both anon and file equally
	 * (unless the swappiness setting disagrees with swapping).
	 */
	if (!sc->priority && swappiness) {
		scan_balance = SCAN_EQUAL;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * If the system is almost out of file pages, force-scan anon.
	 */
	if (sc->file_is_tiny) {
		scan_balance = SCAN_ANON;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * If there is enough inactive page cache, we do not reclaim
	 * anything from the anonymous working right now to make sure
         * a streaming file access pattern doesn't cause swapping.
	 */
	if (sc->cache_trim_mode) {
		scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
		goto out;
	}

	scan_balance = SCAN_FRACT;
	calculate_pressure_balance(sc, swappiness, fraction, &denominator);

out:
	for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
		bool file = is_file_lru(lru);
		unsigned long lruvec_size;
		unsigned long scan;

		lruvec_size = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
		scan = apply_proportional_protection(memcg, sc, lruvec_size);
		scan >>= sc->priority;

		/*
		 * If the cgroup's already been deleted, make sure to
		 * scrape out the remaining cache.
		 */
		if (!scan && !mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
			scan = min(lruvec_size, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);

		switch (scan_balance) {
		case SCAN_EQUAL:
			/* Scan lists relative to size */
			break;
		case SCAN_FRACT:
			/*
			 * Scan types proportional to swappiness and
			 * their relative recent reclaim efficiency.
			 * Make sure we don't miss the last page on
			 * the offlined memory cgroups because of a
			 * round-off error.
			 */
			scan = mem_cgroup_online(memcg) ?
			       div64_u64(scan * fraction[file], denominator) :
			       DIV64_U64_ROUND_UP(scan * fraction[file],
						  denominator);
			break;
		case SCAN_FILE:
		case SCAN_ANON:
			/* Scan one type exclusively */
			if ((scan_balance == SCAN_FILE) != file)
				scan = 0;
			break;
		default:
			/* Look ma, no brain */
			BUG();
		}

		nr[lru] = scan;
	}
}

/*
 * Anonymous LRU management is a waste if there is
 * ultimately no way to reclaim the memory.
 */
static bool can_age_anon_pages(struct lruvec *lruvec,
			       struct scan_control *sc)
{
	/* Aging the anon LRU is valuable if swap is present: */
	if (total_swap_pages > 0)
		return true;

	/* Also valuable if anon pages can be demoted: */
	return can_demote(lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_id, sc,
			  lruvec_memcg(lruvec));
}

#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN

DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(lru_switch);
#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN_ENABLED
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_TRUE(lru_gen_caps, NR_LRU_GEN_CAPS);
#define get_cap(cap)	static_branch_likely(&lru_gen_caps[cap])
#else
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_ARRAY_FALSE(lru_gen_caps, NR_LRU_GEN_CAPS);
#define get_cap(cap)	static_branch_unlikely(&lru_gen_caps[cap])
#endif

static bool should_walk_mmu(void)
{
	return arch_has_hw_pte_young() && get_cap(LRU_GEN_MM_WALK);
}

static bool should_clear_pmd_young(void)
{
	return arch_has_hw_nonleaf_pmd_young() && get_cap(LRU_GEN_NONLEAF_YOUNG);
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          shorthand helpers
 ******************************************************************************/

#define DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec)						\
	unsigned long max_seq = READ_ONCE((lruvec)->lrugen.max_seq)

#define DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec)						\
	unsigned long min_seq[ANON_AND_FILE] = {			\
		READ_ONCE((lruvec)->lrugen.min_seq[LRU_GEN_ANON]),	\
		READ_ONCE((lruvec)->lrugen.min_seq[LRU_GEN_FILE]),	\
	}

/* Get the min/max evictable type based on swappiness */
#define min_type(swappiness) (!(swappiness))
#define max_type(swappiness) ((swappiness) < SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY)

#define evictable_min_seq(min_seq, swappiness)				\
	min((min_seq)[min_type(swappiness)], (min_seq)[max_type(swappiness)])

#define for_each_gen_type_zone(gen, type, zone)				\
	for ((gen) = 0; (gen) < MAX_NR_GENS; (gen)++)			\
		for ((type) = 0; (type) < ANON_AND_FILE; (type)++)	\
			for ((zone) = 0; (zone) < MAX_NR_ZONES; (zone)++)

#define for_each_evictable_type(type, swappiness)			\
	for ((type) = min_type(swappiness); (type) <= max_type(swappiness); (type)++)

#define get_memcg_gen(seq)	((seq) % MEMCG_NR_GENS)
#define get_memcg_bin(bin)	((bin) % MEMCG_NR_BINS)

static struct lruvec *get_lruvec(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int nid)
{
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	if (memcg) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = &memcg->nodeinfo[nid]->lruvec;

		/* see the comment in mem_cgroup_lruvec() */
		if (!lruvec->pgdat)
			lruvec->pgdat = pgdat;

		return lruvec;
	}
#endif
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!mem_cgroup_disabled());

	return &pgdat->__lruvec;
}

static int get_swappiness(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

	if (!sc->may_swap)
		return 0;

	if (!can_demote(pgdat->node_id, sc, memcg) &&
	    mem_cgroup_get_nr_swap_pages(memcg) < MIN_LRU_BATCH)
		return 0;

	return sc_swappiness(sc, memcg);
}

static int get_nr_gens(struct lruvec *lruvec, int type)
{
	return lruvec->lrugen.max_seq - lruvec->lrugen.min_seq[type] + 1;
}

static bool __maybe_unused seq_is_valid(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	int type;

	for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++) {
		int n = get_nr_gens(lruvec, type);

		if (n < MIN_NR_GENS || n > MAX_NR_GENS)
			return false;
	}

	return true;
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          Bloom filters
 ******************************************************************************/

/*
 * Bloom filters with m=1<<15, k=2 and the false positive rates of ~1/5 when
 * n=10,000 and ~1/2 when n=20,000, where, conventionally, m is the number of
 * bits in a bitmap, k is the number of hash functions and n is the number of
 * inserted items.
 *
 * Page table walkers use one of the two filters to reduce their search space.
 * To get rid of non-leaf entries that no longer have enough leaf entries, the
 * aging uses the double-buffering technique to flip to the other filter each
 * time it produces a new generation. For non-leaf entries that have enough
 * leaf entries, the aging carries them over to the next generation in
 * walk_pmd_range(); the eviction also report them when walking the rmap
 * in lru_gen_look_around().
 *
 * For future optimizations:
 * 1. It's not necessary to keep both filters all the time. The spare one can be
 *    freed after the RCU grace period and reallocated if needed again.
 * 2. And when reallocating, it's worth scaling its size according to the number
 *    of inserted entries in the other filter, to reduce the memory overhead on
 *    small systems and false positives on large systems.
 * 3. Jenkins' hash function is an alternative to Knuth's.
 */
#define BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT	15

static inline int filter_gen_from_seq(unsigned long seq)
{
	return seq % NR_BLOOM_FILTERS;
}

static void get_item_key(void *item, int *key)
{
	u32 hash = hash_ptr(item, BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT * 2);

	BUILD_BUG_ON(BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT * 2 > BITS_PER_TYPE(u32));

	key[0] = hash & (BIT(BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT) - 1);
	key[1] = hash >> BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT;
}

static bool test_bloom_filter(struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state, unsigned long seq,
			      void *item)
{
	int key[2];
	unsigned long *filter;
	int gen = filter_gen_from_seq(seq);

	filter = READ_ONCE(mm_state->filters[gen]);
	if (!filter)
		return true;

	get_item_key(item, key);

	return test_bit(key[0], filter) && test_bit(key[1], filter);
}

static void update_bloom_filter(struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state, unsigned long seq,
				void *item)
{
	int key[2];
	unsigned long *filter;
	int gen = filter_gen_from_seq(seq);

	filter = READ_ONCE(mm_state->filters[gen]);
	if (!filter)
		return;

	get_item_key(item, key);

	if (!test_bit(key[0], filter))
		set_bit(key[0], filter);
	if (!test_bit(key[1], filter))
		set_bit(key[1], filter);
}

static void reset_bloom_filter(struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state, unsigned long seq)
{
	unsigned long *filter;
	int gen = filter_gen_from_seq(seq);

	filter = mm_state->filters[gen];
	if (filter) {
		bitmap_clear(filter, 0, BIT(BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT));
		return;
	}

	filter = bitmap_zalloc(BIT(BLOOM_FILTER_SHIFT),
			       __GFP_HIGH | __GFP_NOMEMALLOC | __GFP_NOWARN);
	WRITE_ONCE(mm_state->filters[gen], filter);
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          mm_struct list
 ******************************************************************************/

#ifdef CONFIG_LRU_GEN_WALKS_MMU

static struct lru_gen_mm_list *get_mm_list(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	static struct lru_gen_mm_list mm_list = {
		.fifo = LIST_HEAD_INIT(mm_list.fifo),
		.lock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(mm_list.lock),
	};

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	if (memcg)
		return &memcg->mm_list;
#endif
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!mem_cgroup_disabled());

	return &mm_list;
}

static struct lru_gen_mm_state *get_mm_state(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	return &lruvec->mm_state;
}

static struct mm_struct *get_next_mm(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk)
{
	int key;
	struct mm_struct *mm;
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(walk->lruvec);
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(walk->lruvec);

	mm = list_entry(mm_state->head, struct mm_struct, lru_gen.list);
	key = pgdat->node_id % BITS_PER_TYPE(mm->lru_gen.bitmap);

	if (!walk->force_scan && !test_bit(key, &mm->lru_gen.bitmap))
		return NULL;

	clear_bit(key, &mm->lru_gen.bitmap);

	return mmget_not_zero(mm) ? mm : NULL;
}

void lru_gen_add_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	int nid;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = get_mem_cgroup_from_mm(mm);
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&mm->lru_gen.list));
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(mm->lru_gen.memcg);
	mm->lru_gen.memcg = memcg;
#endif
	spin_lock(&mm_list->lock);

	for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);
		struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

		/* the first addition since the last iteration */
		if (mm_state->tail == &mm_list->fifo)
			mm_state->tail = &mm->lru_gen.list;
	}

	list_add_tail(&mm->lru_gen.list, &mm_list->fifo);

	spin_unlock(&mm_list->lock);
}

void lru_gen_del_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	int nid;
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;

	if (list_empty(&mm->lru_gen.list))
		return;

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	memcg = mm->lru_gen.memcg;
#endif
	mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);

	spin_lock(&mm_list->lock);

	for_each_node(nid) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);
		struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

		/* where the current iteration continues after */
		if (mm_state->head == &mm->lru_gen.list)
			mm_state->head = mm_state->head->prev;

		/* where the last iteration ended before */
		if (mm_state->tail == &mm->lru_gen.list)
			mm_state->tail = mm_state->tail->next;
	}

	list_del_init(&mm->lru_gen.list);

	spin_unlock(&mm_list->lock);

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
	mem_cgroup_put(mm->lru_gen.memcg);
	mm->lru_gen.memcg = NULL;
#endif
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
void lru_gen_migrate_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
	struct task_struct *task = rcu_dereference_protected(mm->owner, true);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(task->mm != mm);
	lockdep_assert_held(&task->alloc_lock);

	/* for mm_update_next_owner() */
	if (mem_cgroup_disabled())
		return;

	/* migration can happen before addition */
	if (!mm->lru_gen.memcg)
		return;

	rcu_read_lock();
	memcg = mem_cgroup_from_task(task);
	rcu_read_unlock();
	if (memcg == mm->lru_gen.memcg)
		return;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(list_empty(&mm->lru_gen.list));

	lru_gen_del_mm(mm);
	lru_gen_add_mm(mm);
}
#endif

#else /* !CONFIG_LRU_GEN_WALKS_MMU */

static struct lru_gen_mm_list *get_mm_list(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	return NULL;
}

static struct lru_gen_mm_state *get_mm_state(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	return NULL;
}

static struct mm_struct *get_next_mm(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk)
{
	return NULL;
}

#endif

static void reset_mm_stats(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk, bool last)
{
	int i;
	int hist;
	struct lruvec *lruvec = walk->lruvec;
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	lockdep_assert_held(&get_mm_list(lruvec_memcg(lruvec))->lock);

	hist = lru_hist_from_seq(walk->seq);

	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_STATS; i++) {
		WRITE_ONCE(mm_state->stats[hist][i],
			   mm_state->stats[hist][i] + walk->mm_stats[i]);
		walk->mm_stats[i] = 0;
	}

	if (NR_HIST_GENS > 1 && last) {
		hist = lru_hist_from_seq(walk->seq + 1);

		for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_STATS; i++)
			WRITE_ONCE(mm_state->stats[hist][i], 0);
	}
}

static bool iterate_mm_list(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk, struct mm_struct **iter)
{
	bool first = false;
	bool last = false;
	struct mm_struct *mm = NULL;
	struct lruvec *lruvec = walk->lruvec;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	/*
	 * mm_state->seq is incremented after each iteration of mm_list. There
	 * are three interesting cases for this page table walker:
	 * 1. It tries to start a new iteration with a stale max_seq: there is
	 *    nothing left to do.
	 * 2. It started the next iteration: it needs to reset the Bloom filter
	 *    so that a fresh set of PTE tables can be recorded.
	 * 3. It ended the current iteration: it needs to reset the mm stats
	 *    counters and tell its caller to increment max_seq.
	 */
	spin_lock(&mm_list->lock);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(mm_state->seq + 1 < walk->seq);

	if (walk->seq <= mm_state->seq)
		goto done;

	if (!mm_state->head)
		mm_state->head = &mm_list->fifo;

	if (mm_state->head == &mm_list->fifo)
		first = true;

	do {
		mm_state->head = mm_state->head->next;
		if (mm_state->head == &mm_list->fifo) {
			WRITE_ONCE(mm_state->seq, mm_state->seq + 1);
			last = true;
			break;
		}

		/* force scan for those added after the last iteration */
		if (!mm_state->tail || mm_state->tail == mm_state->head) {
			mm_state->tail = mm_state->head->next;
			walk->force_scan = true;
		}
	} while (!(mm = get_next_mm(walk)));
done:
	if (*iter || last)
		reset_mm_stats(walk, last);

	spin_unlock(&mm_list->lock);

	if (mm && first)
		reset_bloom_filter(mm_state, walk->seq + 1);

	if (*iter)
		mmput_async(*iter);

	*iter = mm;

	return last;
}

static bool iterate_mm_list_nowalk(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq)
{
	bool success = false;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	spin_lock(&mm_list->lock);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(mm_state->seq + 1 < seq);

	if (seq > mm_state->seq) {
		mm_state->head = NULL;
		mm_state->tail = NULL;
		WRITE_ONCE(mm_state->seq, mm_state->seq + 1);
		success = true;
	}

	spin_unlock(&mm_list->lock);

	return success;
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          PID controller
 ******************************************************************************/

/*
 * A feedback loop based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller.
 *
 * The P term is refaulted/(evicted+protected) from a tier in the generation
 * currently being evicted; the I term is the exponential moving average of the
 * P term over the generations previously evicted, using the smoothing factor
 * 1/2; the D term isn't supported.
 *
 * The setpoint (SP) is always the first tier of one type; the process variable
 * (PV) is either any tier of the other type or any other tier of the same
 * type.
 *
 * The error is the difference between the SP and the PV; the correction is to
 * turn off protection when SP>PV or turn on protection when SP<PV.
 *
 * For future optimizations:
 * 1. The D term may discount the other two terms over time so that long-lived
 *    generations can resist stale information.
 */
struct ctrl_pos {
	unsigned long refaulted;
	unsigned long total;
	int gain;
};

static void read_ctrl_pos(struct lruvec *lruvec, int type, int tier, int gain,
			  struct ctrl_pos *pos)
{
	int i;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	int hist = lru_hist_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);

	pos->gain = gain;
	pos->refaulted = pos->total = 0;

	for (i = tier % MAX_NR_TIERS; i <= min(tier, MAX_NR_TIERS - 1); i++) {
		pos->refaulted += lrugen->avg_refaulted[type][i] +
				  atomic_long_read(&lrugen->refaulted[hist][type][i]);
		pos->total += lrugen->avg_total[type][i] +
			      lrugen->protected[hist][type][i] +
			      atomic_long_read(&lrugen->evicted[hist][type][i]);
	}
}

static void reset_ctrl_pos(struct lruvec *lruvec, int type, bool carryover)
{
	int hist, tier;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	bool clear = carryover ? NR_HIST_GENS == 1 : NR_HIST_GENS > 1;
	unsigned long seq = carryover ? lrugen->min_seq[type] : lrugen->max_seq + 1;

	lockdep_assert_held(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	if (!carryover && !clear)
		return;

	hist = lru_hist_from_seq(seq);

	for (tier = 0; tier < MAX_NR_TIERS; tier++) {
		if (carryover) {
			unsigned long sum;

			sum = lrugen->avg_refaulted[type][tier] +
			      atomic_long_read(&lrugen->refaulted[hist][type][tier]);
			WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->avg_refaulted[type][tier], sum / 2);

			sum = lrugen->avg_total[type][tier] +
			      lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier] +
			      atomic_long_read(&lrugen->evicted[hist][type][tier]);
			WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->avg_total[type][tier], sum / 2);
		}

		if (clear) {
			atomic_long_set(&lrugen->refaulted[hist][type][tier], 0);
			atomic_long_set(&lrugen->evicted[hist][type][tier], 0);
			WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier], 0);
		}
	}
}

static bool positive_ctrl_err(struct ctrl_pos *sp, struct ctrl_pos *pv)
{
	/*
	 * Return true if the PV has a limited number of refaults or a lower
	 * refaulted/total than the SP.
	 */
	return pv->refaulted < MIN_LRU_BATCH ||
	       pv->refaulted * (sp->total + MIN_LRU_BATCH) * sp->gain <=
	       (sp->refaulted + 1) * pv->total * pv->gain;
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          the aging
 ******************************************************************************/

/* promote pages accessed through page tables */
static int folio_update_gen(struct folio *folio, int gen)
{
	unsigned long new_flags, old_flags = READ_ONCE(folio->flags.f);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(gen >= MAX_NR_GENS);

	/* see the comment on LRU_REFS_FLAGS */
	if (!folio_test_referenced(folio) && !folio_test_workingset(folio)) {
		set_mask_bits(&folio->flags.f, LRU_REFS_MASK, BIT(PG_referenced));
		return -1;
	}

	do {
		/* lru_gen_del_folio() has isolated this page? */
		if (!(old_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK))
			return -1;

		new_flags = old_flags & ~(LRU_GEN_MASK | LRU_REFS_FLAGS);
		new_flags |= ((gen + 1UL) << LRU_GEN_PGOFF) | BIT(PG_workingset);
	} while (!try_cmpxchg(&folio->flags.f, &old_flags, new_flags));

	return ((old_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK) >> LRU_GEN_PGOFF) - 1;
}

/* protect pages accessed multiple times through file descriptors */
static int folio_inc_gen(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct folio *folio, bool reclaiming)
{
	int type = folio_is_file_lru(folio);
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	int new_gen, old_gen = lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);
	unsigned long new_flags, old_flags = READ_ONCE(folio->flags.f);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(!(old_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK), folio);

	do {
		new_gen = ((old_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK) >> LRU_GEN_PGOFF) - 1;
		/* folio_update_gen() has promoted this page? */
		if (new_gen >= 0 && new_gen != old_gen)
			return new_gen;

		new_gen = (old_gen + 1) % MAX_NR_GENS;

		new_flags = old_flags & ~(LRU_GEN_MASK | LRU_REFS_FLAGS);
		new_flags |= (new_gen + 1UL) << LRU_GEN_PGOFF;
		/* for folio_end_writeback() */
		if (reclaiming)
			new_flags |= BIT(PG_reclaim);
	} while (!try_cmpxchg(&folio->flags.f, &old_flags, new_flags));

	lru_gen_update_size(lruvec, folio, old_gen, new_gen);

	return new_gen;
}

static void update_batch_size(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk, struct folio *folio,
			      int old_gen, int new_gen)
{
	int type = folio_is_file_lru(folio);
	int zone = folio_zonenum(folio);
	int delta = folio_nr_pages(folio);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(old_gen >= MAX_NR_GENS);
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(new_gen >= MAX_NR_GENS);

	walk->batched++;

	walk->nr_pages[old_gen][type][zone] -= delta;
	walk->nr_pages[new_gen][type][zone] += delta;
}

static void reset_batch_size(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk)
{
	int gen, type, zone;
	struct lruvec *lruvec = walk->lruvec;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;

	walk->batched = 0;

	for_each_gen_type_zone(gen, type, zone) {
		enum lru_list lru = type * LRU_INACTIVE_FILE;
		int delta = walk->nr_pages[gen][type][zone];

		if (!delta)
			continue;

		walk->nr_pages[gen][type][zone] = 0;
		WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->nr_pages[gen][type][zone],
			   lrugen->nr_pages[gen][type][zone] + delta);

		if (lru_gen_is_active(lruvec, gen))
			lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
		__update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zone, delta);
	}
}

static int should_skip_vma(unsigned long start, unsigned long end, struct mm_walk *args)
{
	struct address_space *mapping;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = args->vma;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = args->private;

	if (!vma_is_accessible(vma))
		return true;

	if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))
		return true;

	if (!vma_has_recency(vma))
		return true;

	if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_LOCKED | VM_SPECIAL))
		return true;

	if (vma == get_gate_vma(vma->vm_mm))
		return true;

	if (vma_is_anonymous(vma))
		return !walk->swappiness;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!vma->vm_file || !vma->vm_file->f_mapping))
		return true;

	mapping = vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
	if (mapping_unevictable(mapping))
		return true;

	if (shmem_mapping(mapping))
		return !walk->swappiness;

	if (walk->swappiness > MAX_SWAPPINESS)
		return true;

	/* to exclude special mappings like dax, etc. */
	return !mapping->a_ops->read_folio;
}

/*
 * Some userspace memory allocators map many single-page VMAs. Instead of
 * returning back to the PGD table for each of such VMAs, finish an entire PMD
 * table to reduce zigzags and improve cache performance.
 */
static bool get_next_vma(unsigned long mask, unsigned long size, struct mm_walk *args,
			 unsigned long *vm_start, unsigned long *vm_end)
{
	unsigned long start = round_up(*vm_end, size);
	unsigned long end = (start | ~mask) + 1;
	VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, args->mm, start);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(mask & size);
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE((start & mask) != (*vm_start & mask));

	for_each_vma(vmi, args->vma) {
		if (end && end <= args->vma->vm_start)
			return false;

		if (should_skip_vma(args->vma->vm_start, args->vma->vm_end, args))
			continue;

		*vm_start = max(start, args->vma->vm_start);
		*vm_end = min(end - 1, args->vma->vm_end - 1) + 1;

		return true;
	}

	return false;
}

static unsigned long get_pte_pfn(pte_t pte, struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
				 struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long pfn = pte_pfn(pte);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end);

	if (!pte_present(pte) || is_zero_pfn(pfn))
		return -1;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pte_special(pte)))
		return -1;

	if (!pte_young(pte) && !mm_has_notifiers(vma->vm_mm))
		return -1;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!pfn_valid(pfn)))
		return -1;

	if (pfn < pgdat->node_start_pfn || pfn >= pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat))
		return -1;

	return pfn;
}

static unsigned long get_pmd_pfn(pmd_t pmd, struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
				 struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long pfn = pmd_pfn(pmd);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end);

	if (!pmd_present(pmd) || is_huge_zero_pmd(pmd))
		return -1;

	if (!pmd_young(pmd) && !mm_has_notifiers(vma->vm_mm))
		return -1;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!pfn_valid(pfn)))
		return -1;

	if (pfn < pgdat->node_start_pfn || pfn >= pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat))
		return -1;

	return pfn;
}

static struct folio *get_pfn_folio(unsigned long pfn, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
				   struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	struct folio *folio = pfn_folio(pfn);

	if (folio_lru_gen(folio) < 0)
		return NULL;

	if (folio_nid(folio) != pgdat->node_id)
		return NULL;

	if (folio_memcg(folio) != memcg)
		return NULL;

	return folio;
}

static bool suitable_to_scan(int total, int young)
{
	int n = clamp_t(int, cache_line_size() / sizeof(pte_t), 2, 8);

	/* suitable if the average number of young PTEs per cacheline is >=1 */
	return young * n >= total;
}

static void walk_update_folio(struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk, struct folio *folio,
			      int new_gen, bool dirty)
{
	int old_gen;

	if (!folio)
		return;

	if (dirty && !folio_test_dirty(folio) &&
	    !(folio_test_anon(folio) && folio_test_swapbacked(folio) &&
	      !folio_test_swapcache(folio)))
		folio_mark_dirty(folio);

	if (walk) {
		old_gen = folio_update_gen(folio, new_gen);
		if (old_gen >= 0 && old_gen != new_gen)
			update_batch_size(walk, folio, old_gen, new_gen);
	} else if (lru_gen_set_refs(folio)) {
		old_gen = folio_lru_gen(folio);
		if (old_gen >= 0 && old_gen != new_gen)
			folio_activate(folio);
	}
}

static bool walk_pte_range(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
			   struct mm_walk *args)
{
	int i;
	bool dirty;
	pte_t *pte;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	unsigned long addr;
	int total = 0;
	int young = 0;
	struct folio *last = NULL;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = args->private;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(walk->lruvec);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(walk->lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(walk->lruvec);
	int gen = lru_gen_from_seq(max_seq);
	unsigned int nr;
	pmd_t pmdval;

	pte = pte_offset_map_rw_nolock(args->mm, pmd, start & PMD_MASK, &pmdval, &ptl);
	if (!pte)
		return false;

	if (!spin_trylock(ptl)) {
		pte_unmap(pte);
		return true;
	}

	if (unlikely(!pmd_same(pmdval, pmdp_get_lockless(pmd)))) {
		pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
		return false;
	}

	lazy_mmu_mode_enable();
restart:
	for (i = pte_index(start), addr = start; addr != end; i += nr, addr += nr * PAGE_SIZE) {
		unsigned long pfn;
		struct folio *folio;
		pte_t *cur_pte = pte + i;
		pte_t ptent = ptep_get(cur_pte);

		nr = 1;
		total++;
		walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_TOTAL]++;

		pfn = get_pte_pfn(ptent, args->vma, addr, pgdat);
		if (pfn == -1)
			continue;

		folio = get_pfn_folio(pfn, memcg, pgdat);
		if (!folio)
			continue;

		if (folio_test_large(folio)) {
			const unsigned int max_nr = (end - addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

			nr = folio_pte_batch_flags(folio, NULL, cur_pte, &ptent,
						   max_nr, FPB_MERGE_YOUNG_DIRTY);
			total += nr - 1;
			walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_TOTAL] += nr - 1;
		}

		if (!test_and_clear_young_ptes_notify(args->vma, addr, cur_pte, nr))
			continue;

		if (last != folio) {
			walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);

			last = folio;
			dirty = false;
		}

		if (pte_dirty(ptent))
			dirty = true;

		young += nr;
		walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_YOUNG] += nr;
	}

	walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);
	last = NULL;

	if (i < PTRS_PER_PTE && get_next_vma(PMD_MASK, PAGE_SIZE, args, &start, &end))
		goto restart;

	lazy_mmu_mode_disable();
	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);

	return suitable_to_scan(total, young);
}

static void walk_pmd_range_locked(pud_t *pud, unsigned long addr, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				  struct mm_walk *args, unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned long *first)
{
	int i;
	bool dirty;
	pmd_t *pmd;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	struct folio *last = NULL;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = args->private;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(walk->lruvec);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(walk->lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(walk->lruvec);
	int gen = lru_gen_from_seq(max_seq);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(pud_leaf(*pud));

	/* try to batch at most 1+MIN_LRU_BATCH+1 entries */
	if (*first == -1) {
		*first = addr;
		bitmap_zero(bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH);
		return;
	}

	i = addr == -1 ? 0 : pmd_index(addr) - pmd_index(*first);
	if (i && i <= MIN_LRU_BATCH) {
		__set_bit(i - 1, bitmap);
		return;
	}

	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, *first);

	ptl = pmd_lockptr(args->mm, pmd);
	if (!spin_trylock(ptl))
		goto done;

	lazy_mmu_mode_enable();

	do {
		unsigned long pfn;
		struct folio *folio;

		/* don't round down the first address */
		addr = i ? (*first & PMD_MASK) + i * PMD_SIZE : *first;

		if (!pmd_present(pmd[i]))
			goto next;

		if (!pmd_trans_huge(pmd[i])) {
			if (!walk->force_scan && should_clear_pmd_young() &&
			    !mm_has_notifiers(args->mm))
				pmdp_test_and_clear_young(vma, addr, pmd + i);
			goto next;
		}

		pfn = get_pmd_pfn(pmd[i], vma, addr, pgdat);
		if (pfn == -1)
			goto next;

		folio = get_pfn_folio(pfn, memcg, pgdat);
		if (!folio)
			goto next;

		if (!pmdp_test_and_clear_young_notify(vma, addr, pmd + i))
			goto next;

		if (last != folio) {
			walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);

			last = folio;
			dirty = false;
		}

		if (pmd_dirty(pmd[i]))
			dirty = true;

		walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_YOUNG]++;
next:
		i = i > MIN_LRU_BATCH ? 0 : find_next_bit(bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH, i) + 1;
	} while (i <= MIN_LRU_BATCH);

	walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);

	lazy_mmu_mode_disable();
	spin_unlock(ptl);
done:
	*first = -1;
}

static void walk_pmd_range(pud_t *pud, unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
			   struct mm_walk *args)
{
	int i;
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long addr;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	DECLARE_BITMAP(bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH);
	unsigned long first = -1;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = args->private;
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(walk->lruvec);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(pud_leaf(*pud));

	/*
	 * Finish an entire PMD in two passes: the first only reaches to PTE
	 * tables to avoid taking the PMD lock; the second, if necessary, takes
	 * the PMD lock to clear the accessed bit in PMD entries.
	 */
	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, start & PUD_MASK);
restart:
	/* walk_pte_range() may call get_next_vma() */
	vma = args->vma;
	for (i = pmd_index(start), addr = start; addr != end; i++, addr = next) {
		pmd_t val = pmdp_get_lockless(pmd + i);

		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);

		if (!pmd_present(val) || is_huge_zero_pmd(val)) {
			walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_TOTAL]++;
			continue;
		}

		if (pmd_trans_huge(val)) {
			struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(walk->lruvec);
			unsigned long pfn = get_pmd_pfn(val, vma, addr, pgdat);

			walk->mm_stats[MM_LEAF_TOTAL]++;

			if (pfn != -1)
				walk_pmd_range_locked(pud, addr, vma, args, bitmap, &first);
			continue;
		}

		if (!walk->force_scan && should_clear_pmd_young() &&
		    !mm_has_notifiers(args->mm)) {
			if (!pmd_young(val))
				continue;

			walk_pmd_range_locked(pud, addr, vma, args, bitmap, &first);
		}

		if (!walk->force_scan && !test_bloom_filter(mm_state, walk->seq, pmd + i))
			continue;

		walk->mm_stats[MM_NONLEAF_FOUND]++;

		if (!walk_pte_range(&val, addr, next, args))
			continue;

		walk->mm_stats[MM_NONLEAF_ADDED]++;

		/* carry over to the next generation */
		update_bloom_filter(mm_state, walk->seq + 1, pmd + i);
	}

	walk_pmd_range_locked(pud, -1, vma, args, bitmap, &first);

	if (i < PTRS_PER_PMD && get_next_vma(PUD_MASK, PMD_SIZE, args, &start, &end))
		goto restart;
}

static int walk_pud_range(p4d_t *p4d, unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
			  struct mm_walk *args)
{
	int i;
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long addr;
	unsigned long next;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = args->private;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(p4d_leaf(*p4d));

	pud = pud_offset(p4d, start & P4D_MASK);
restart:
	for (i = pud_index(start), addr = start; addr != end; i++, addr = next) {
		pud_t val = pudp_get(pud + i);

		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);

		if (!pud_present(val) || WARN_ON_ONCE(pud_leaf(val)))
			continue;

		walk_pmd_range(&val, addr, next, args);

		if (need_resched() || walk->batched >= MAX_LRU_BATCH) {
			end = (addr | ~PUD_MASK) + 1;
			goto done;
		}
	}

	if (i < PTRS_PER_PUD && get_next_vma(P4D_MASK, PUD_SIZE, args, &start, &end))
		goto restart;

	end = round_up(end, P4D_SIZE);
done:
	if (!end || !args->vma)
		return 1;

	walk->next_addr = max(end, args->vma->vm_start);

	return -EAGAIN;
}

static void walk_mm(struct mm_struct *mm, struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk)
{
	static const struct mm_walk_ops mm_walk_ops = {
		.test_walk = should_skip_vma,
		.p4d_entry = walk_pud_range,
		.walk_lock = PGWALK_RDLOCK,
	};
	int err;
	struct lruvec *lruvec = walk->lruvec;

	walk->next_addr = FIRST_USER_ADDRESS;

	do {
		DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);

		err = -EBUSY;

		/* another thread might have called inc_max_seq() */
		if (walk->seq != max_seq)
			break;

		/* the caller might be holding the lock for write */
		if (mmap_read_trylock(mm)) {
			err = walk_page_range(mm, walk->next_addr, ULONG_MAX, &mm_walk_ops, walk);

			mmap_read_unlock(mm);
		}

		if (walk->batched) {
			spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
			reset_batch_size(walk);
			spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
		}

		cond_resched();
	} while (err == -EAGAIN);
}

static struct lru_gen_mm_walk *set_mm_walk(struct pglist_data *pgdat, bool force_alloc)
{
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = current->reclaim_state->mm_walk;

	if (pgdat && current_is_kswapd()) {
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(walk);

		walk = &pgdat->mm_walk;
	} else if (!walk && force_alloc) {
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(current_is_kswapd());

		walk = kzalloc_obj(*walk,
				   __GFP_HIGH | __GFP_NOMEMALLOC | __GFP_NOWARN);
	}

	current->reclaim_state->mm_walk = walk;

	return walk;
}

static void clear_mm_walk(void)
{
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk = current->reclaim_state->mm_walk;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(walk && memchr_inv(walk->nr_pages, 0, sizeof(walk->nr_pages)));
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(walk && memchr_inv(walk->mm_stats, 0, sizeof(walk->mm_stats)));

	current->reclaim_state->mm_walk = NULL;

	if (!current_is_kswapd())
		kfree(walk);
}

static bool inc_min_seq(struct lruvec *lruvec, int type, int swappiness)
{
	int zone;
	int remaining = MAX_LRU_BATCH;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	int hist = lru_hist_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);
	int new_gen, old_gen = lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);

	/* For file type, skip the check if swappiness is anon only */
	if (type && (swappiness == SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY))
		goto done;

	/* For anon type, skip the check if swappiness is zero (file only) */
	if (!type && !swappiness)
		goto done;

	/* prevent cold/hot inversion if the type is evictable */
	for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++) {
		struct list_head *head = &lrugen->folios[old_gen][type][zone];

		while (!list_empty(head)) {
			struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(head);
			int refs = folio_lru_refs(folio);
			bool workingset = folio_test_workingset(folio);

			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_unevictable(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_is_file_lru(folio) != type, folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_zonenum(folio) != zone, folio);

			new_gen = folio_inc_gen(lruvec, folio, false);
			list_move_tail(&folio->lru, &lrugen->folios[new_gen][type][zone]);

			/* don't count the workingset being lazily promoted */
			if (refs + workingset != BIT(LRU_REFS_WIDTH) + 1) {
				int tier = lru_tier_from_refs(refs, workingset);
				int delta = folio_nr_pages(folio);

				WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier],
					   lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier] + delta);
			}

			if (!--remaining)
				return false;
		}
	}
done:
	reset_ctrl_pos(lruvec, type, true);
	WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->min_seq[type], lrugen->min_seq[type] + 1);

	return true;
}

static bool try_to_inc_min_seq(struct lruvec *lruvec, int swappiness)
{
	int gen, type, zone;
	bool success = false;
	bool seq_inc_flag = false;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!seq_is_valid(lruvec));

	/* find the oldest populated generation */
	for_each_evictable_type(type, swappiness) {
		while (min_seq[type] + MIN_NR_GENS <= lrugen->max_seq) {
			gen = lru_gen_from_seq(min_seq[type]);

			for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++) {
				if (!list_empty(&lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]))
					goto next;
			}

			min_seq[type]++;
			seq_inc_flag = true;
		}
next:
		;
	}

	/*
	 * If min_seq[type] of both anonymous and file is not increased,
	 * we can directly return false to avoid unnecessary checking
	 * overhead later.
	 */
	if (!seq_inc_flag)
		return success;

	/* see the comment on lru_gen_folio */
	if (swappiness && swappiness <= MAX_SWAPPINESS) {
		unsigned long seq = lrugen->max_seq - MIN_NR_GENS;

		if (min_seq[LRU_GEN_ANON] > seq && min_seq[LRU_GEN_FILE] < seq)
			min_seq[LRU_GEN_ANON] = seq;
		else if (min_seq[LRU_GEN_FILE] > seq && min_seq[LRU_GEN_ANON] < seq)
			min_seq[LRU_GEN_FILE] = seq;
	}

	for_each_evictable_type(type, swappiness) {
		if (min_seq[type] <= lrugen->min_seq[type])
			continue;

		reset_ctrl_pos(lruvec, type, true);
		WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->min_seq[type], min_seq[type]);
		success = true;
	}

	return success;
}

static bool inc_max_seq(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq, int swappiness)
{
	bool success;
	int prev, next;
	int type, zone;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
restart:
	if (seq < READ_ONCE(lrugen->max_seq))
		return false;

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!seq_is_valid(lruvec));

	success = seq == lrugen->max_seq;
	if (!success)
		goto unlock;

	for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++) {
		if (get_nr_gens(lruvec, type) != MAX_NR_GENS)
			continue;

		if (inc_min_seq(lruvec, type, swappiness))
			continue;

		spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
		cond_resched();
		goto restart;
	}

	/*
	 * Update the active/inactive LRU sizes for compatibility. Both sides of
	 * the current max_seq need to be covered, since max_seq+1 can overlap
	 * with min_seq[LRU_GEN_ANON] if swapping is constrained. And if they do
	 * overlap, cold/hot inversion happens.
	 */
	prev = lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->max_seq - 1);
	next = lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->max_seq + 1);

	for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++) {
		for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++) {
			enum lru_list lru = type * LRU_INACTIVE_FILE;
			long delta = lrugen->nr_pages[prev][type][zone] -
				     lrugen->nr_pages[next][type][zone];

			if (!delta)
				continue;

			__update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zone, delta);
			__update_lru_size(lruvec, lru + LRU_ACTIVE, zone, -delta);
		}
	}

	for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++)
		reset_ctrl_pos(lruvec, type, false);

	WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->timestamps[next], jiffies);
	/* make sure preceding modifications appear */
	smp_store_release(&lrugen->max_seq, lrugen->max_seq + 1);
unlock:
	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	return success;
}

static bool try_to_inc_max_seq(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq,
			       int swappiness, bool force_scan)
{
	bool success;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk;
	struct mm_struct *mm = NULL;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(seq > READ_ONCE(lrugen->max_seq));

	if (!mm_state)
		return inc_max_seq(lruvec, seq, swappiness);

	/* see the comment in iterate_mm_list() */
	if (seq <= READ_ONCE(mm_state->seq))
		return false;

	/*
	 * If the hardware doesn't automatically set the accessed bit, fallback
	 * to lru_gen_look_around(), which only clears the accessed bit in a
	 * handful of PTEs. Spreading the work out over a period of time usually
	 * is less efficient, but it avoids bursty page faults.
	 */
	if (!should_walk_mmu()) {
		success = iterate_mm_list_nowalk(lruvec, seq);
		goto done;
	}

	walk = set_mm_walk(NULL, true);
	if (!walk) {
		success = iterate_mm_list_nowalk(lruvec, seq);
		goto done;
	}

	walk->lruvec = lruvec;
	walk->seq = seq;
	walk->swappiness = swappiness;
	walk->force_scan = force_scan;

	do {
		success = iterate_mm_list(walk, &mm);
		if (mm)
			walk_mm(mm, walk);
	} while (mm);
done:
	if (success) {
		success = inc_max_seq(lruvec, seq, swappiness);
		WARN_ON_ONCE(!success);
	}

	return success;
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          working set protection
 ******************************************************************************/

static void set_initial_priority(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int priority;
	unsigned long reclaimable;

	if (sc->priority != DEF_PRIORITY || sc->nr_to_reclaim < MIN_LRU_BATCH)
		return;
	/*
	 * Determine the initial priority based on
	 * (total >> priority) * reclaimed_to_scanned_ratio = nr_to_reclaim,
	 * where reclaimed_to_scanned_ratio = inactive / total.
	 */
	reclaimable = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
	if (can_reclaim_anon_pages(NULL, pgdat->node_id, sc))
		reclaimable += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);

	/* round down reclaimable and round up sc->nr_to_reclaim */
	priority = fls_long(reclaimable) - 1 - fls_long(sc->nr_to_reclaim - 1);

	/*
	 * The estimation is based on LRU pages only, so cap it to prevent
	 * overshoots of shrinker objects by large margins.
	 */
	sc->priority = clamp(priority, DEF_PRIORITY / 2, DEF_PRIORITY);
}

static bool lruvec_is_sizable(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int gen, type, zone;
	unsigned long total = 0;
	int swappiness = get_swappiness(lruvec, sc);
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

	for_each_evictable_type(type, swappiness) {
		unsigned long seq;

		for (seq = min_seq[type]; seq <= max_seq; seq++) {
			gen = lru_gen_from_seq(seq);

			for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++)
				total += max(READ_ONCE(lrugen->nr_pages[gen][type][zone]), 0L);
		}
	}

	/* whether the size is big enough to be helpful */
	return mem_cgroup_online(memcg) ? (total >> sc->priority) : total;
}

static bool lruvec_is_reclaimable(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc,
				  unsigned long min_ttl)
{
	int gen;
	unsigned long birth;
	int swappiness = get_swappiness(lruvec, sc);
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

	if (mem_cgroup_below_min(NULL, memcg))
		return false;

	if (!lruvec_is_sizable(lruvec, sc))
		return false;

	gen = lru_gen_from_seq(evictable_min_seq(min_seq, swappiness));
	birth = READ_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.timestamps[gen]);

	return time_is_before_jiffies(birth + min_ttl);
}

/* to protect the working set of the last N jiffies */
static unsigned long lru_gen_min_ttl __read_mostly;

static void lru_gen_age_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
	unsigned long min_ttl = READ_ONCE(lru_gen_min_ttl);
	bool reclaimable = !min_ttl;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!current_is_kswapd());

	set_initial_priority(pgdat, sc);

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
	do {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);

		mem_cgroup_calculate_protection(NULL, memcg);

		if (!reclaimable)
			reclaimable = lruvec_is_reclaimable(lruvec, sc, min_ttl);
	} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)));

	/*
	 * The main goal is to OOM kill if every generation from all memcgs is
	 * younger than min_ttl. However, another possibility is all memcgs are
	 * either too small or below min.
	 */
	if (!reclaimable && mutex_trylock(&oom_lock)) {
		struct oom_control oc = {
			.gfp_mask = sc->gfp_mask,
		};

		out_of_memory(&oc);

		mutex_unlock(&oom_lock);
	}
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          rmap/PT walk feedback
 ******************************************************************************/

/*
 * This function exploits spatial locality when shrink_folio_list() walks the
 * rmap. It scans the adjacent PTEs of a young PTE and promotes hot pages. If
 * the scan was done cacheline efficiently, it adds the PMD entry pointing to
 * the PTE table to the Bloom filter. This forms a feedback loop between the
 * eviction and the aging.
 */
bool lru_gen_look_around(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw, unsigned int nr)
{
	int i;
	bool dirty;
	unsigned long start;
	unsigned long end;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk;
	struct folio *last = NULL;
	int young = 1;
	pte_t *pte = pvmw->pte;
	unsigned long addr = pvmw->address;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = pvmw->vma;
	struct folio *folio = pfn_folio(pvmw->pfn);
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = folio_memcg(folio);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = folio_pgdat(folio);
	struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
	int gen = lru_gen_from_seq(max_seq);

	lockdep_assert_held(pvmw->ptl);
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_lru(folio), folio);

	if (!test_and_clear_young_ptes_notify(vma, addr, pte, nr))
		return false;

	if (spin_is_contended(pvmw->ptl))
		return true;

	/* exclude special VMAs containing anon pages from COW */
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SPECIAL)
		return true;

	/* avoid taking the LRU lock under the PTL when possible */
	walk = current->reclaim_state ? current->reclaim_state->mm_walk : NULL;

	start = max(addr & PMD_MASK, vma->vm_start);
	end = min(addr | ~PMD_MASK, vma->vm_end - 1) + 1;

	if (end - start == PAGE_SIZE)
		return true;

	if (end - start > MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE) {
		if (addr - start < MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2)
			end = start + MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE;
		else if (end - addr < MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2)
			start = end - MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE;
		else {
			start = addr - MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2;
			end = addr + MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2;
		}
	}

	lazy_mmu_mode_enable();

	pte -= (addr - start) / PAGE_SIZE;

	for (i = 0, addr = start; addr != end;
	     i += nr, pte += nr, addr += nr * PAGE_SIZE) {
		unsigned long pfn;
		pte_t ptent = ptep_get(pte);

		nr = 1;
		pfn = get_pte_pfn(ptent, vma, addr, pgdat);
		if (pfn == -1)
			continue;

		folio = get_pfn_folio(pfn, memcg, pgdat);
		if (!folio)
			continue;

		if (folio_test_large(folio)) {
			const unsigned int max_nr = (end - addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

			nr = folio_pte_batch_flags(folio, NULL, pte, &ptent,
						   max_nr, FPB_MERGE_YOUNG_DIRTY);
		}

		if (!test_and_clear_young_ptes_notify(vma, addr, pte, nr))
			continue;

		if (last != folio) {
			walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);

			last = folio;
			dirty = false;
		}

		if (pte_dirty(ptent))
			dirty = true;

		young += nr;
	}

	walk_update_folio(walk, last, gen, dirty);

	lazy_mmu_mode_disable();

	/* feedback from rmap walkers to page table walkers */
	if (mm_state && suitable_to_scan(i, young))
		update_bloom_filter(mm_state, max_seq, pvmw->pmd);

	return true;
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          memcg LRU
 ******************************************************************************/

/* see the comment on MEMCG_NR_GENS */
enum {
	MEMCG_LRU_NOP,
	MEMCG_LRU_HEAD,
	MEMCG_LRU_TAIL,
	MEMCG_LRU_OLD,
	MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG,
};

static void lru_gen_rotate_memcg(struct lruvec *lruvec, int op)
{
	int seg;
	int old, new;
	unsigned long flags;
	int bin = get_random_u32_below(MEMCG_NR_BINS);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

	spin_lock_irqsave(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock, flags);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(hlist_nulls_unhashed(&lruvec->lrugen.list));

	seg = 0;
	new = old = lruvec->lrugen.gen;

	/* see the comment on MEMCG_NR_GENS */
	if (op == MEMCG_LRU_HEAD)
		seg = MEMCG_LRU_HEAD;
	else if (op == MEMCG_LRU_TAIL)
		seg = MEMCG_LRU_TAIL;
	else if (op == MEMCG_LRU_OLD)
		new = get_memcg_gen(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq);
	else if (op == MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG)
		new = get_memcg_gen(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq + 1);
	else
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(true);

	WRITE_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.seg, seg);
	WRITE_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.gen, new);

	hlist_nulls_del_rcu(&lruvec->lrugen.list);

	if (op == MEMCG_LRU_HEAD || op == MEMCG_LRU_OLD)
		hlist_nulls_add_head_rcu(&lruvec->lrugen.list, &pgdat->memcg_lru.fifo[new][bin]);
	else
		hlist_nulls_add_tail_rcu(&lruvec->lrugen.list, &pgdat->memcg_lru.fifo[new][bin]);

	pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[old]--;
	pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[new]++;

	if (!pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[old] && old == get_memcg_gen(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq))
		WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq, pgdat->memcg_lru.seq + 1);

	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock, flags);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG

void lru_gen_online_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	int gen;
	int nid;
	int bin = get_random_u32_below(MEMCG_NR_BINS);

	for_each_node(nid) {
		struct pglist_data *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

		spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock);

		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!hlist_nulls_unhashed(&lruvec->lrugen.list));

		gen = get_memcg_gen(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq);

		lruvec->lrugen.gen = gen;

		hlist_nulls_add_tail_rcu(&lruvec->lrugen.list, &pgdat->memcg_lru.fifo[gen][bin]);
		pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[gen]++;

		spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock);
	}
}

void lru_gen_offline_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	int nid;

	for_each_node(nid) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

		lru_gen_rotate_memcg(lruvec, MEMCG_LRU_OLD);
	}
}

void lru_gen_release_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	int gen;
	int nid;

	for_each_node(nid) {
		struct pglist_data *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

		spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock);

		if (hlist_nulls_unhashed(&lruvec->lrugen.list))
			goto unlock;

		gen = lruvec->lrugen.gen;

		hlist_nulls_del_init_rcu(&lruvec->lrugen.list);
		pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[gen]--;

		if (!pgdat->memcg_lru.nr_memcgs[gen] && gen == get_memcg_gen(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq))
			WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq, pgdat->memcg_lru.seq + 1);
unlock:
		spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock);
	}
}

void lru_gen_soft_reclaim(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int nid)
{
	struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

	/* see the comment on MEMCG_NR_GENS */
	if (READ_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.seg) != MEMCG_LRU_HEAD)
		lru_gen_rotate_memcg(lruvec, MEMCG_LRU_HEAD);
}

#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG */

/******************************************************************************
 *                          the eviction
 ******************************************************************************/

static bool sort_folio(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct folio *folio, struct scan_control *sc,
		       int tier_idx)
{
	bool success;
	bool dirty, writeback;
	int gen = folio_lru_gen(folio);
	int type = folio_is_file_lru(folio);
	int zone = folio_zonenum(folio);
	int delta = folio_nr_pages(folio);
	int refs = folio_lru_refs(folio);
	bool workingset = folio_test_workingset(folio);
	int tier = lru_tier_from_refs(refs, workingset);
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(gen >= MAX_NR_GENS, folio);

	/* unevictable */
	if (!folio_evictable(folio)) {
		success = lru_gen_del_folio(lruvec, folio, true);
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(!success, folio);
		folio_set_unevictable(folio);
		lruvec_add_folio(lruvec, folio);
		__count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGCULLED, delta);
		return true;
	}

	/* promoted */
	if (gen != lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type])) {
		list_move(&folio->lru, &lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]);
		return true;
	}

	/* protected */
	if (tier > tier_idx || refs + workingset == BIT(LRU_REFS_WIDTH) + 1) {
		gen = folio_inc_gen(lruvec, folio, false);
		list_move(&folio->lru, &lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]);

		/* don't count the workingset being lazily promoted */
		if (refs + workingset != BIT(LRU_REFS_WIDTH) + 1) {
			int hist = lru_hist_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);

			WRITE_ONCE(lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier],
				   lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier] + delta);
		}
		return true;
	}

	/* ineligible */
	if (zone > sc->reclaim_idx) {
		gen = folio_inc_gen(lruvec, folio, false);
		list_move_tail(&folio->lru, &lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]);
		return true;
	}

	dirty = folio_test_dirty(folio);
	writeback = folio_test_writeback(folio);
	if (type == LRU_GEN_FILE && dirty) {
		sc->nr.file_taken += delta;
		if (!writeback)
			sc->nr.unqueued_dirty += delta;
	}

	/* waiting for writeback */
	if (writeback || (type == LRU_GEN_FILE && dirty)) {
		gen = folio_inc_gen(lruvec, folio, true);
		list_move(&folio->lru, &lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]);
		return true;
	}

	return false;
}

static bool isolate_folio(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct folio *folio, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	bool success;

	/* swap constrained */
	if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO) &&
	    (folio_test_dirty(folio) ||
	     (folio_test_anon(folio) && !folio_test_swapcache(folio))))
		return false;

	/* raced with release_pages() */
	if (!folio_try_get(folio))
		return false;

	/* raced with another isolation */
	if (!folio_test_clear_lru(folio)) {
		folio_put(folio);
		return false;
	}

	/* see the comment on LRU_REFS_FLAGS */
	if (!folio_test_referenced(folio))
		set_mask_bits(&folio->flags.f, LRU_REFS_MASK, 0);

	/* for shrink_folio_list() */
	folio_clear_reclaim(folio);

	success = lru_gen_del_folio(lruvec, folio, true);
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(!success, folio);

	return true;
}

static int scan_folios(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec,
		       struct scan_control *sc, int type, int tier,
		       struct list_head *list)
{
	int i;
	int gen;
	enum node_stat_item item;
	int sorted = 0;
	int scanned = 0;
	int isolated = 0;
	int skipped = 0;
	int scan_batch = min(nr_to_scan, MAX_LRU_BATCH);
	int remaining = scan_batch;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(list));

	if (get_nr_gens(lruvec, type) == MIN_NR_GENS)
		return 0;

	gen = lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);

	for (i = MAX_NR_ZONES; i > 0; i--) {
		LIST_HEAD(moved);
		int skipped_zone = 0;
		int zone = (sc->reclaim_idx + i) % MAX_NR_ZONES;
		struct list_head *head = &lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone];

		while (!list_empty(head)) {
			struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(head);
			int delta = folio_nr_pages(folio);

			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_unevictable(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_is_file_lru(folio) != type, folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_zonenum(folio) != zone, folio);

			scanned += delta;

			if (sort_folio(lruvec, folio, sc, tier))
				sorted += delta;
			else if (isolate_folio(lruvec, folio, sc)) {
				list_add(&folio->lru, list);
				isolated += delta;
			} else {
				list_move(&folio->lru, &moved);
				skipped_zone += delta;
			}

			if (!--remaining || max(isolated, skipped_zone) >= MIN_LRU_BATCH)
				break;
		}

		if (skipped_zone) {
			list_splice(&moved, head);
			__count_zid_vm_events(PGSCAN_SKIP, zone, skipped_zone);
			skipped += skipped_zone;
		}

		if (!remaining || isolated >= MIN_LRU_BATCH)
			break;
	}

	item = PGSCAN_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, item, isolated);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGREFILL, sorted);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGSCAN_ANON + type, isolated);
	trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(sc->reclaim_idx, sc->order, scan_batch,
				scanned, skipped, isolated,
				type ? LRU_INACTIVE_FILE : LRU_INACTIVE_ANON);
	if (type == LRU_GEN_FILE)
		sc->nr.file_taken += isolated;
	/*
	 * There might not be eligible folios due to reclaim_idx. Check the
	 * remaining to prevent livelock if it's not making progress.
	 */
	return isolated || !remaining ? scanned : 0;
}

static int get_tier_idx(struct lruvec *lruvec, int type)
{
	int tier;
	struct ctrl_pos sp, pv;

	/*
	 * To leave a margin for fluctuations, use a larger gain factor (2:3).
	 * This value is chosen because any other tier would have at least twice
	 * as many refaults as the first tier.
	 */
	read_ctrl_pos(lruvec, type, 0, 2, &sp);
	for (tier = 1; tier < MAX_NR_TIERS; tier++) {
		read_ctrl_pos(lruvec, type, tier, 3, &pv);
		if (!positive_ctrl_err(&sp, &pv))
			break;
	}

	return tier - 1;
}

static int get_type_to_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, int swappiness)
{
	struct ctrl_pos sp, pv;

	if (swappiness <= MIN_SWAPPINESS + 1)
		return LRU_GEN_FILE;

	if (swappiness >= MAX_SWAPPINESS)
		return LRU_GEN_ANON;
	/*
	 * Compare the sum of all tiers of anon with that of file to determine
	 * which type to scan.
	 */
	read_ctrl_pos(lruvec, LRU_GEN_ANON, MAX_NR_TIERS, swappiness, &sp);
	read_ctrl_pos(lruvec, LRU_GEN_FILE, MAX_NR_TIERS, MAX_SWAPPINESS - swappiness, &pv);

	return positive_ctrl_err(&sp, &pv);
}

static int isolate_folios(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec,
			  struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness,
			  int *type_scanned, struct list_head *list)
{
	int i;
	int type = get_type_to_scan(lruvec, swappiness);

	for_each_evictable_type(i, swappiness) {
		int scanned;
		int tier = get_tier_idx(lruvec, type);

		*type_scanned = type;

		scanned = scan_folios(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, type, tier, list);
		if (scanned)
			return scanned;

		type = !type;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int evict_folios(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec,
			struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness)
{
	int type;
	int scanned;
	int reclaimed;
	LIST_HEAD(list);
	LIST_HEAD(clean);
	struct folio *folio;
	struct folio *next;
	enum node_stat_item item;
	struct reclaim_stat stat;
	struct lru_gen_mm_walk *walk;
	bool skip_retry = false;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	scanned = isolate_folios(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, swappiness, &type, &list);

	scanned += try_to_inc_min_seq(lruvec, swappiness);

	if (evictable_min_seq(lrugen->min_seq, swappiness) + MIN_NR_GENS > lrugen->max_seq)
		scanned = 0;

	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	if (list_empty(&list))
		return scanned;
retry:
	reclaimed = shrink_folio_list(&list, pgdat, sc, &stat, false, memcg);
	sc->nr.unqueued_dirty += stat.nr_unqueued_dirty;
	sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaimed;
	trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(pgdat->node_id,
			scanned, reclaimed, &stat, sc->priority,
			type ? LRU_INACTIVE_FILE : LRU_INACTIVE_ANON);

	list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(folio, next, &list, lru) {
		DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

		if (!folio_evictable(folio)) {
			list_del(&folio->lru);
			folio_putback_lru(folio);
			continue;
		}

		/* retry folios that may have missed folio_rotate_reclaimable() */
		if (!skip_retry && !folio_test_active(folio) && !folio_mapped(folio) &&
		    !folio_test_dirty(folio) && !folio_test_writeback(folio)) {
			list_move(&folio->lru, &clean);
			continue;
		}

		/* don't add rejected folios to the oldest generation */
		if (lru_gen_folio_seq(lruvec, folio, false) == min_seq[type])
			set_mask_bits(&folio->flags.f, LRU_REFS_FLAGS, BIT(PG_active));
	}

	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	move_folios_to_lru(lruvec, &list);

	walk = current->reclaim_state->mm_walk;
	if (walk && walk->batched) {
		walk->lruvec = lruvec;
		reset_batch_size(walk);
	}

	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGDEMOTE_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc),
					stat.nr_demoted);

	item = PGSTEAL_KSWAPD + reclaimer_offset(sc);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, item, reclaimed);
	mod_lruvec_state(lruvec, PGSTEAL_ANON + type, reclaimed);

	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

	list_splice_init(&clean, &list);

	if (!list_empty(&list)) {
		skip_retry = true;
		goto retry;
	}

	return scanned;
}

static bool should_run_aging(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long max_seq,
			     int swappiness, unsigned long *nr_to_scan)
{
	int gen, type, zone;
	unsigned long size = 0;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

	*nr_to_scan = 0;
	/* have to run aging, since eviction is not possible anymore */
	if (evictable_min_seq(min_seq, swappiness) + MIN_NR_GENS > max_seq)
		return true;

	for_each_evictable_type(type, swappiness) {
		unsigned long seq;

		for (seq = min_seq[type]; seq <= max_seq; seq++) {
			gen = lru_gen_from_seq(seq);

			for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++)
				size += max(READ_ONCE(lrugen->nr_pages[gen][type][zone]), 0L);
		}
	}

	*nr_to_scan = size;
	/* better to run aging even though eviction is still possible */
	return evictable_min_seq(min_seq, swappiness) + MIN_NR_GENS == max_seq;
}

/*
 * For future optimizations:
 * 1. Defer try_to_inc_max_seq() to workqueues to reduce latency for memcg
 *    reclaim.
 */
static long get_nr_to_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness)
{
	bool success;
	unsigned long nr_to_scan;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);

	if (mem_cgroup_below_min(sc->target_mem_cgroup, memcg))
		return -1;

	success = should_run_aging(lruvec, max_seq, swappiness, &nr_to_scan);

	/* try to scrape all its memory if this memcg was deleted */
	if (nr_to_scan && !mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
		return nr_to_scan;

	nr_to_scan = apply_proportional_protection(memcg, sc, nr_to_scan);

	/* try to get away with not aging at the default priority */
	if (!success || sc->priority == DEF_PRIORITY)
		return nr_to_scan >> sc->priority;

	/* stop scanning this lruvec as it's low on cold folios */
	return try_to_inc_max_seq(lruvec, max_seq, swappiness, false) ? -1 : 0;
}

static bool should_abort_scan(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int i;
	enum zone_watermarks mark;

	/* don't abort memcg reclaim to ensure fairness */
	if (!root_reclaim(sc))
		return false;

	if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= max(sc->nr_to_reclaim, compact_gap(sc->order)))
		return true;

	/* check the order to exclude compaction-induced reclaim */
	if (!current_is_kswapd() || sc->order)
		return false;

	mark = sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING ?
	       WMARK_PROMO : WMARK_HIGH;

	for (i = 0; i <= sc->reclaim_idx; i++) {
		struct zone *zone = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones + i;
		unsigned long size = wmark_pages(zone, mark) + MIN_LRU_BATCH;

		if (managed_zone(zone) && !zone_watermark_ok(zone, 0, size, sc->reclaim_idx, 0))
			return false;
	}

	/* kswapd should abort if all eligible zones are safe */
	return true;
}

static bool try_to_shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	long nr_to_scan;
	unsigned long scanned = 0;
	int swappiness = get_swappiness(lruvec, sc);

	while (true) {
		int delta;

		nr_to_scan = get_nr_to_scan(lruvec, sc, swappiness);
		if (nr_to_scan <= 0)
			break;

		delta = evict_folios(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, swappiness);
		if (!delta)
			break;

		scanned += delta;
		if (scanned >= nr_to_scan)
			break;

		if (should_abort_scan(lruvec, sc))
			break;

		cond_resched();
	}

	/*
	 * If too many file cache in the coldest generation can't be evicted
	 * due to being dirty, wake up the flusher.
	 */
	if (sc->nr.unqueued_dirty && sc->nr.unqueued_dirty == sc->nr.file_taken)
		wakeup_flusher_threads(WB_REASON_VMSCAN);

	/* whether this lruvec should be rotated */
	return nr_to_scan < 0;
}

static int shrink_one(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	bool success;
	unsigned long scanned = sc->nr_scanned;
	unsigned long reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

	/* lru_gen_age_node() called mem_cgroup_calculate_protection() */
	if (mem_cgroup_below_min(NULL, memcg))
		return MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG;

	if (mem_cgroup_below_low(NULL, memcg)) {
		/* see the comment on MEMCG_NR_GENS */
		if (READ_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.seg) != MEMCG_LRU_TAIL)
			return MEMCG_LRU_TAIL;

		memcg_memory_event(memcg, MEMCG_LOW);
	}

	success = try_to_shrink_lruvec(lruvec, sc);

	shrink_slab(sc->gfp_mask, pgdat->node_id, memcg, sc->priority);

	if (!sc->proactive)
		vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, memcg, false, sc->nr_scanned - scanned,
			   sc->nr_reclaimed - reclaimed);

	flush_reclaim_state(sc);

	if (success && mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
		return MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG;

	if (!success && lruvec_is_sizable(lruvec, sc))
		return 0;

	/* one retry if offlined or too small */
	return READ_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.seg) != MEMCG_LRU_TAIL ?
	       MEMCG_LRU_TAIL : MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG;
}

static void shrink_many(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int op;
	int gen;
	int bin;
	int first_bin;
	struct lruvec *lruvec;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
	struct hlist_nulls_node *pos;

	gen = get_memcg_gen(READ_ONCE(pgdat->memcg_lru.seq));
	bin = first_bin = get_random_u32_below(MEMCG_NR_BINS);
restart:
	op = 0;
	memcg = NULL;

	rcu_read_lock();

	hlist_nulls_for_each_entry_rcu(lrugen, pos, &pgdat->memcg_lru.fifo[gen][bin], list) {
		if (op) {
			lru_gen_rotate_memcg(lruvec, op);
			op = 0;
		}

		mem_cgroup_put(memcg);
		memcg = NULL;

		if (gen != READ_ONCE(lrugen->gen))
			continue;

		lruvec = container_of(lrugen, struct lruvec, lrugen);
		memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);

		if (!mem_cgroup_tryget(memcg)) {
			lru_gen_release_memcg(memcg);
			memcg = NULL;
			continue;
		}

		rcu_read_unlock();

		op = shrink_one(lruvec, sc);

		rcu_read_lock();

		if (should_abort_scan(lruvec, sc))
			break;
	}

	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (op)
		lru_gen_rotate_memcg(lruvec, op);

	mem_cgroup_put(memcg);

	if (!is_a_nulls(pos))
		return;

	/* restart if raced with lru_gen_rotate_memcg() */
	if (gen != get_nulls_value(pos))
		goto restart;

	/* try the rest of the bins of the current generation */
	bin = get_memcg_bin(bin + 1);
	if (bin != first_bin)
		goto restart;
}

static void lru_gen_shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct blk_plug plug;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(root_reclaim(sc));
	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!sc->may_writepage || !sc->may_unmap);

	lru_add_drain();

	blk_start_plug(&plug);

	set_mm_walk(NULL, sc->proactive);

	if (try_to_shrink_lruvec(lruvec, sc))
		lru_gen_rotate_memcg(lruvec, MEMCG_LRU_YOUNG);

	clear_mm_walk();

	blk_finish_plug(&plug);
}

static void lru_gen_shrink_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct blk_plug plug;
	unsigned long reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!root_reclaim(sc));

	/*
	 * Unmapped clean folios are already prioritized. Scanning for more of
	 * them is likely futile and can cause high reclaim latency when there
	 * is a large number of memcgs.
	 */
	if (!sc->may_writepage || !sc->may_unmap)
		goto done;

	lru_add_drain();

	blk_start_plug(&plug);

	set_mm_walk(pgdat, sc->proactive);

	set_initial_priority(pgdat, sc);

	if (current_is_kswapd())
		sc->nr_reclaimed = 0;

	if (mem_cgroup_disabled())
		shrink_one(&pgdat->__lruvec, sc);
	else
		shrink_many(pgdat, sc);

	if (current_is_kswapd())
		sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaimed;

	clear_mm_walk();

	blk_finish_plug(&plug);
done:
	if (sc->nr_reclaimed > reclaimed)
		kswapd_try_clear_hopeless(pgdat, sc->order, sc->reclaim_idx);
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          state change
 ******************************************************************************/

static bool __maybe_unused state_is_valid(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;

	if (lrugen->enabled) {
		enum lru_list lru;

		for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
			if (!list_empty(&lruvec->lists[lru]))
				return false;
		}
	} else {
		int gen, type, zone;

		for_each_gen_type_zone(gen, type, zone) {
			if (!list_empty(&lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]))
				return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}

static bool fill_evictable(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	enum lru_list lru;
	int remaining = MAX_LRU_BATCH;

	for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
		int type = is_file_lru(lru);
		bool active = is_active_lru(lru);
		struct list_head *head = &lruvec->lists[lru];

		while (!list_empty(head)) {
			bool success;
			struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(head);

			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_unevictable(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio) != active, folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_is_file_lru(folio) != type, folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_lru_gen(folio) != -1, folio);

			lruvec_del_folio(lruvec, folio);
			success = lru_gen_add_folio(lruvec, folio, false);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!success);

			if (!--remaining)
				return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}

static bool drain_evictable(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	int gen, type, zone;
	int remaining = MAX_LRU_BATCH;

	for_each_gen_type_zone(gen, type, zone) {
		struct list_head *head = &lruvec->lrugen.folios[gen][type][zone];

		while (!list_empty(head)) {
			bool success;
			struct folio *folio = lru_to_folio(head);

			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_unevictable(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_test_active(folio), folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_is_file_lru(folio) != type, folio);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE_FOLIO(folio_zonenum(folio) != zone, folio);

			success = lru_gen_del_folio(lruvec, folio, false);
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!success);
			lruvec_add_folio(lruvec, folio);

			if (!--remaining)
				return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}

static void lru_gen_change_state(bool enabled)
{
	static DEFINE_MUTEX(state_mutex);

	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;

	cgroup_lock();
	cpus_read_lock();
	get_online_mems();
	mutex_lock(&state_mutex);

	if (enabled == lru_gen_enabled())
		goto unlock;

	static_branch_enable_cpuslocked(&lru_switch);

	if (enabled)
		static_branch_enable_cpuslocked(&lru_gen_caps[LRU_GEN_CORE]);
	else
		static_branch_disable_cpuslocked(&lru_gen_caps[LRU_GEN_CORE]);

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
	do {
		int nid;

		for_each_node(nid) {
			struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

			spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);

			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!seq_is_valid(lruvec));
			VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!state_is_valid(lruvec));

			lruvec->lrugen.enabled = enabled;

			while (!(enabled ? fill_evictable(lruvec) : drain_evictable(lruvec))) {
				spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
				cond_resched();
				spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
			}

			spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
		}

		cond_resched();
	} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)));

	static_branch_disable_cpuslocked(&lru_switch);

unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&state_mutex);
	put_online_mems();
	cpus_read_unlock();
	cgroup_unlock();
}

/******************************************************************************
 *                          sysfs interface
 ******************************************************************************/

static ssize_t min_ttl_ms_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	return sysfs_emit(buf, "%u\n", jiffies_to_msecs(READ_ONCE(lru_gen_min_ttl)));
}

/* see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst for details */
static ssize_t min_ttl_ms_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
				const char *buf, size_t len)
{
	unsigned int msecs;

	if (kstrtouint(buf, 0, &msecs))
		return -EINVAL;

	WRITE_ONCE(lru_gen_min_ttl, msecs_to_jiffies(msecs));

	return len;
}

static struct kobj_attribute lru_gen_min_ttl_attr = __ATTR_RW(min_ttl_ms);

static ssize_t enabled_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	unsigned int caps = 0;

	if (get_cap(LRU_GEN_CORE))
		caps |= BIT(LRU_GEN_CORE);

	if (should_walk_mmu())
		caps |= BIT(LRU_GEN_MM_WALK);

	if (should_clear_pmd_young())
		caps |= BIT(LRU_GEN_NONLEAF_YOUNG);

	return sysfs_emit(buf, "0x%04x\n", caps);
}

/* see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst for details */
static ssize_t enabled_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
			     const char *buf, size_t len)
{
	int i;
	unsigned int caps;

	if (tolower(*buf) == 'n')
		caps = 0;
	else if (tolower(*buf) == 'y')
		caps = -1;
	else if (kstrtouint(buf, 0, &caps))
		return -EINVAL;

	for (i = 0; i < NR_LRU_GEN_CAPS; i++) {
		bool enabled = caps & BIT(i);

		if (i == LRU_GEN_CORE)
			lru_gen_change_state(enabled);
		else if (enabled)
			static_branch_enable(&lru_gen_caps[i]);
		else
			static_branch_disable(&lru_gen_caps[i]);
	}

	return len;
}

static struct kobj_attribute lru_gen_enabled_attr = __ATTR_RW(enabled);

static struct attribute *lru_gen_attrs[] = {
	&lru_gen_min_ttl_attr.attr,
	&lru_gen_enabled_attr.attr,
	NULL
};

static const struct attribute_group lru_gen_attr_group = {
	.name = "lru_gen",
	.attrs = lru_gen_attrs,
};

/******************************************************************************
 *                          debugfs interface
 ******************************************************************************/

static void *lru_gen_seq_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
	loff_t nr_to_skip = *pos;

	m->private = kvmalloc(PATH_MAX, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!m->private)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
	do {
		int nid;

		for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) {
			if (!nr_to_skip--)
				return get_lruvec(memcg, nid);
		}
	} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)));

	return NULL;
}

static void lru_gen_seq_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
	if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(v))
		mem_cgroup_iter_break(NULL, lruvec_memcg(v));

	kvfree(m->private);
	m->private = NULL;
}

static void *lru_gen_seq_next(struct seq_file *m, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
	int nid = lruvec_pgdat(v)->node_id;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(v);

	++*pos;

	nid = next_memory_node(nid);
	if (nid == MAX_NUMNODES) {
		memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL);
		if (!memcg)
			return NULL;

		nid = first_memory_node;
	}

	return get_lruvec(memcg, nid);
}

static void lru_gen_seq_show_full(struct seq_file *m, struct lruvec *lruvec,
				  unsigned long max_seq, unsigned long *min_seq,
				  unsigned long seq)
{
	int i;
	int type, tier;
	int hist = lru_hist_from_seq(seq);
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	for (tier = 0; tier < MAX_NR_TIERS; tier++) {
		seq_printf(m, "            %10d", tier);
		for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++) {
			const char *s = "xxx";
			unsigned long n[3] = {};

			if (seq == max_seq) {
				s = "RTx";
				n[0] = READ_ONCE(lrugen->avg_refaulted[type][tier]);
				n[1] = READ_ONCE(lrugen->avg_total[type][tier]);
			} else if (seq == min_seq[type] || NR_HIST_GENS > 1) {
				s = "rep";
				n[0] = atomic_long_read(&lrugen->refaulted[hist][type][tier]);
				n[1] = atomic_long_read(&lrugen->evicted[hist][type][tier]);
				n[2] = READ_ONCE(lrugen->protected[hist][type][tier]);
			}

			for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
				seq_printf(m, " %10lu%c", n[i], s[i]);
		}
		seq_putc(m, '\n');
	}

	if (!mm_state)
		return;

	seq_puts(m, "                      ");
	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_STATS; i++) {
		const char *s = "xxxx";
		unsigned long n = 0;

		if (seq == max_seq && NR_HIST_GENS == 1) {
			s = "TYFA";
			n = READ_ONCE(mm_state->stats[hist][i]);
		} else if (seq != max_seq && NR_HIST_GENS > 1) {
			s = "tyfa";
			n = READ_ONCE(mm_state->stats[hist][i]);
		}

		seq_printf(m, " %10lu%c", n, s[i]);
	}
	seq_putc(m, '\n');
}

/* see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst for details */
static int lru_gen_seq_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
	unsigned long seq;
	bool full = debugfs_get_aux_num(m->file);
	struct lruvec *lruvec = v;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	int nid = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_id;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = lruvec_memcg(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
	DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

	if (nid == first_memory_node) {
		const char *path = memcg ? m->private : "";

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
		if (memcg)
			cgroup_path(memcg->css.cgroup, m->private, PATH_MAX);
#endif
		seq_printf(m, "memcg %llu %s\n", mem_cgroup_id(memcg), path);
	}

	seq_printf(m, " node %5d\n", nid);

	if (!full)
		seq = evictable_min_seq(min_seq, MAX_SWAPPINESS / 2);
	else if (max_seq >= MAX_NR_GENS)
		seq = max_seq - MAX_NR_GENS + 1;
	else
		seq = 0;

	for (; seq <= max_seq; seq++) {
		int type, zone;
		int gen = lru_gen_from_seq(seq);
		unsigned long birth = READ_ONCE(lruvec->lrugen.timestamps[gen]);

		seq_printf(m, " %10lu %10u", seq, jiffies_to_msecs(jiffies - birth));

		for (type = 0; type < ANON_AND_FILE; type++) {
			unsigned long size = 0;
			char mark = full && seq < min_seq[type] ? 'x' : ' ';

			for (zone = 0; zone < MAX_NR_ZONES; zone++)
				size += max(READ_ONCE(lrugen->nr_pages[gen][type][zone]), 0L);

			seq_printf(m, " %10lu%c", size, mark);
		}

		seq_putc(m, '\n');

		if (full)
			lru_gen_seq_show_full(m, lruvec, max_seq, min_seq, seq);
	}

	return 0;
}

static const struct seq_operations lru_gen_seq_ops = {
	.start = lru_gen_seq_start,
	.stop = lru_gen_seq_stop,
	.next = lru_gen_seq_next,
	.show = lru_gen_seq_show,
};

static int run_aging(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq,
		     int swappiness, bool force_scan)
{
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);

	if (seq > max_seq)
		return -EINVAL;

	return try_to_inc_max_seq(lruvec, max_seq, swappiness, force_scan) ? 0 : -EEXIST;
}

static int run_eviction(struct lruvec *lruvec, unsigned long seq, struct scan_control *sc,
			int swappiness, unsigned long nr_to_reclaim)
{
	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);

	if (seq + MIN_NR_GENS > max_seq)
		return -EINVAL;

	sc->nr_reclaimed = 0;

	while (!signal_pending(current)) {
		DEFINE_MIN_SEQ(lruvec);

		if (seq < evictable_min_seq(min_seq, swappiness))
			return 0;

		if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= nr_to_reclaim)
			return 0;

		if (!evict_folios(nr_to_reclaim - sc->nr_reclaimed, lruvec, sc,
				  swappiness))
			return 0;

		cond_resched();
	}

	return -EINTR;
}

static int run_cmd(char cmd, u64 memcg_id, int nid, unsigned long seq,
		   struct scan_control *sc, int swappiness, unsigned long opt)
{
	struct lruvec *lruvec;
	int err = -EINVAL;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;

	if (nid < 0 || nid >= MAX_NUMNODES || !node_state(nid, N_MEMORY))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!mem_cgroup_disabled()) {
		memcg = mem_cgroup_get_from_id(memcg_id);
		if (!memcg)
			return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (memcg_id != mem_cgroup_id(memcg))
		goto done;

	sc->target_mem_cgroup = memcg;
	lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);

	if (swappiness < MIN_SWAPPINESS)
		swappiness = get_swappiness(lruvec, sc);
	else if (swappiness > SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY)
		goto done;

	switch (cmd) {
	case '+':
		err = run_aging(lruvec, seq, swappiness, opt);
		break;
	case '-':
		err = run_eviction(lruvec, seq, sc, swappiness, opt);
		break;
	}
done:
	mem_cgroup_put(memcg);

	return err;
}

/* see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst for details */
static ssize_t lru_gen_seq_write(struct file *file, const char __user *src,
				 size_t len, loff_t *pos)
{
	void *buf;
	char *cur, *next;
	unsigned int flags;
	struct blk_plug plug;
	int err = -EINVAL;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.may_writepage = true,
		.may_unmap = true,
		.may_swap = true,
		.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
		.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
		.proactive = true,
	};

	buf = kvmalloc(len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!buf)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (copy_from_user(buf, src, len)) {
		kvfree(buf);
		return -EFAULT;
	}

	set_task_reclaim_state(current, &sc.reclaim_state);
	flags = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
	blk_start_plug(&plug);
	if (!set_mm_walk(NULL, true)) {
		err = -ENOMEM;
		goto done;
	}

	next = buf;
	next[len] = '\0';

	while ((cur = strsep(&next, ",;\n"))) {
		int n;
		int end;
		char cmd, swap_string[5];
		u64 memcg_id;
		unsigned int nid;
		unsigned long seq;
		unsigned int swappiness;
		unsigned long opt = -1;

		cur = skip_spaces(cur);
		if (!*cur)
			continue;

		n = sscanf(cur, "%c %llu %u %lu %n %4s %n %lu %n", &cmd, &memcg_id, &nid,
			   &seq, &end, swap_string, &end, &opt, &end);
		if (n < 4 || cur[end]) {
			err = -EINVAL;
			break;
		}

		if (n == 4) {
			swappiness = -1;
		} else if (!strcmp("max", swap_string)) {
			/* set by userspace for anonymous memory only */
			swappiness = SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY;
		} else {
			err = kstrtouint(swap_string, 0, &swappiness);
			if (err)
				break;
		}

		err = run_cmd(cmd, memcg_id, nid, seq, &sc, swappiness, opt);
		if (err)
			break;
	}
done:
	clear_mm_walk();
	blk_finish_plug(&plug);
	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(flags);
	set_task_reclaim_state(current, NULL);

	kvfree(buf);

	return err ? : len;
}

static int lru_gen_seq_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	return seq_open(file, &lru_gen_seq_ops);
}

static const struct file_operations lru_gen_rw_fops = {
	.open = lru_gen_seq_open,
	.read = seq_read,
	.write = lru_gen_seq_write,
	.llseek = seq_lseek,
	.release = seq_release,
};

static const struct file_operations lru_gen_ro_fops = {
	.open = lru_gen_seq_open,
	.read = seq_read,
	.llseek = seq_lseek,
	.release = seq_release,
};

/******************************************************************************
 *                          initialization
 ******************************************************************************/

void lru_gen_init_pgdat(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	int i, j;

	spin_lock_init(&pgdat->memcg_lru.lock);

	for (i = 0; i < MEMCG_NR_GENS; i++) {
		for (j = 0; j < MEMCG_NR_BINS; j++)
			INIT_HLIST_NULLS_HEAD(&pgdat->memcg_lru.fifo[i][j], i);
	}
}

void lru_gen_init_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec)
{
	int i;
	int gen, type, zone;
	struct lru_gen_folio *lrugen = &lruvec->lrugen;
	struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

	lrugen->max_seq = MIN_NR_GENS + 1;
	lrugen->enabled = lru_gen_enabled();

	for (i = 0; i <= MIN_NR_GENS + 1; i++)
		lrugen->timestamps[i] = jiffies;

	for_each_gen_type_zone(gen, type, zone)
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&lrugen->folios[gen][type][zone]);

	if (mm_state)
		mm_state->seq = MIN_NR_GENS;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG

void lru_gen_init_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);

	if (!mm_list)
		return;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mm_list->fifo);
	spin_lock_init(&mm_list->lock);
}

void lru_gen_exit_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
	int i;
	int nid;
	struct lru_gen_mm_list *mm_list = get_mm_list(memcg);

	VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(mm_list && !list_empty(&mm_list->fifo));

	for_each_node(nid) {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = get_lruvec(memcg, nid);
		struct lru_gen_mm_state *mm_state = get_mm_state(lruvec);

		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(memchr_inv(lruvec->lrugen.nr_pages, 0,
					   sizeof(lruvec->lrugen.nr_pages)));

		lruvec->lrugen.list.next = LIST_POISON1;

		if (!mm_state)
			continue;

		for (i = 0; i < NR_BLOOM_FILTERS; i++) {
			bitmap_free(mm_state->filters[i]);
			mm_state->filters[i] = NULL;
		}
	}
}

#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG */

static int __init init_lru_gen(void)
{
	BUILD_BUG_ON(MIN_NR_GENS + 1 >= MAX_NR_GENS);
	BUILD_BUG_ON(BIT(LRU_GEN_WIDTH) <= MAX_NR_GENS);

	if (sysfs_create_group(mm_kobj, &lru_gen_attr_group))
		pr_err("lru_gen: failed to create sysfs group\n");

	debugfs_create_file_aux_num("lru_gen", 0644, NULL, NULL, false,
				    &lru_gen_rw_fops);
	debugfs_create_file_aux_num("lru_gen_full", 0444, NULL, NULL, true,
				    &lru_gen_ro_fops);

	return 0;
};
late_initcall(init_lru_gen);

#else /* !CONFIG_LRU_GEN */

static void lru_gen_age_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	BUILD_BUG();
}

static void lru_gen_shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	BUILD_BUG();
}

static void lru_gen_shrink_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	BUILD_BUG();
}

#endif /* CONFIG_LRU_GEN */

static void shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long nr[NR_LRU_LISTS];
	unsigned long targets[NR_LRU_LISTS];
	unsigned long nr_to_scan;
	enum lru_list lru;
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
	unsigned long nr_to_reclaim = sc->nr_to_reclaim;
	bool proportional_reclaim;
	struct blk_plug plug;

	if ((lru_gen_enabled() || lru_gen_switching()) && !root_reclaim(sc)) {
		lru_gen_shrink_lruvec(lruvec, sc);

		if (!lru_gen_switching())
			return;

	}

	get_scan_count(lruvec, sc, nr);

	/* Record the original scan target for proportional adjustments later */
	memcpy(targets, nr, sizeof(nr));

	/*
	 * Global reclaiming within direct reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY is a normal
	 * event that can occur when there is little memory pressure e.g.
	 * multiple streaming readers/writers. Hence, we do not abort scanning
	 * when the requested number of pages are reclaimed when scanning at
	 * DEF_PRIORITY on the assumption that the fact we are direct
	 * reclaiming implies that kswapd is not keeping up and it is best to
	 * do a batch of work at once. For memcg reclaim one check is made to
	 * abort proportional reclaim if either the file or anon lru has already
	 * dropped to zero at the first pass.
	 */
	proportional_reclaim = (!cgroup_reclaim(sc) && !current_is_kswapd() &&
				sc->priority == DEF_PRIORITY);

	blk_start_plug(&plug);
	while (nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] || nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] ||
					nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]) {
		unsigned long nr_anon, nr_file, percentage;
		unsigned long nr_scanned;

		for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
			if (nr[lru]) {
				nr_to_scan = min(nr[lru], SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
				nr[lru] -= nr_to_scan;

				nr_reclaimed += shrink_list(lru, nr_to_scan,
							    lruvec, sc);
			}
		}

		cond_resched();

		if (nr_reclaimed < nr_to_reclaim || proportional_reclaim)
			continue;

		/*
		 * For kswapd and memcg, reclaim at least the number of pages
		 * requested. Ensure that the anon and file LRUs are scanned
		 * proportionally what was requested by get_scan_count(). We
		 * stop reclaiming one LRU and reduce the amount scanning
		 * proportional to the original scan target.
		 */
		nr_file = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE];
		nr_anon = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON];

		/*
		 * It's just vindictive to attack the larger once the smaller
		 * has gone to zero.  And given the way we stop scanning the
		 * smaller below, this makes sure that we only make one nudge
		 * towards proportionality once we've got nr_to_reclaim.
		 */
		if (!nr_file || !nr_anon)
			break;

		if (nr_file > nr_anon) {
			unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] +
						targets[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + 1;
			lru = LRU_BASE;
			percentage = nr_anon * 100 / scan_target;
		} else {
			unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] +
						targets[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] + 1;
			lru = LRU_FILE;
			percentage = nr_file * 100 / scan_target;
		}

		/* Stop scanning the smaller of the LRU */
		nr[lru] = 0;
		nr[lru + LRU_ACTIVE] = 0;

		/*
		 * Recalculate the other LRU scan count based on its original
		 * scan target and the percentage scanning already complete
		 */
		lru = (lru == LRU_FILE) ? LRU_BASE : LRU_FILE;
		nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
		nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
		nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);

		lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
		nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
		nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
		nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);
	}
	blk_finish_plug(&plug);
	sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_reclaimed;

	/*
	 * Even if we did not try to evict anon pages at all, we want to
	 * rebalance the anon lru active/inactive ratio.
	 */
	if (can_age_anon_pages(lruvec, sc) &&
	    inactive_is_low(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON))
		shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec,
				   sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
}

/* Use reclaim/compaction for costly allocs or under memory pressure */
static bool in_reclaim_compaction(struct scan_control *sc)
{
	if (gfp_compaction_allowed(sc->gfp_mask) && sc->order &&
			(sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER ||
			 sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2))
		return true;

	return false;
}

/*
 * Reclaim/compaction is used for high-order allocation requests. It reclaims
 * order-0 pages before compacting the zone. should_continue_reclaim() returns
 * true if more pages should be reclaimed such that when the page allocator
 * calls try_to_compact_pages() that it will have enough free pages to succeed.
 * It will give up earlier than that if there is difficulty reclaiming pages.
 */
static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
					unsigned long nr_reclaimed,
					struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long pages_for_compaction;
	unsigned long inactive_lru_pages;
	int z;
	struct zone *zone;

	/* If not in reclaim/compaction mode, stop */
	if (!in_reclaim_compaction(sc))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Stop if we failed to reclaim any pages from the last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
	 * number of pages that were scanned. This will return to the caller
	 * with the risk reclaim/compaction and the resulting allocation attempt
	 * fails. In the past we have tried harder for __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL
	 * allocations through requiring that the full LRU list has been scanned
	 * first, by assuming that zero delta of sc->nr_scanned means full LRU
	 * scan, but that approximation was wrong, and there were corner cases
	 * where always a non-zero amount of pages were scanned.
	 */
	if (!nr_reclaimed)
		return false;

	/* If compaction would go ahead or the allocation would succeed, stop */
	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, z, sc->reclaim_idx) {
		unsigned long watermark = min_wmark_pages(zone);

		/* Allocation can already succeed, nothing to do */
		if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, sc->order, watermark,
				      sc->reclaim_idx, 0))
			return false;

		if (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, watermark,
					sc->reclaim_idx))
			return false;
	}

	/*
	 * If we have not reclaimed enough pages for compaction and the
	 * inactive lists are large enough, continue reclaiming
	 */
	pages_for_compaction = compact_gap(sc->order);
	inactive_lru_pages = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
	if (can_reclaim_anon_pages(NULL, pgdat->node_id, sc))
		inactive_lru_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);

	return inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction;
}

static void shrink_node_memcgs(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *target_memcg = sc->target_mem_cgroup;
	struct mem_cgroup_reclaim_cookie reclaim = {
		.pgdat = pgdat,
	};
	struct mem_cgroup_reclaim_cookie *partial = &reclaim;
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;

	/*
	 * In most cases, direct reclaimers can do partial walks
	 * through the cgroup tree, using an iterator state that
	 * persists across invocations. This strikes a balance between
	 * fairness and allocation latency.
	 *
	 * For kswapd, reliable forward progress is more important
	 * than a quick return to idle. Always do full walks.
	 */
	if (current_is_kswapd() || sc->memcg_full_walk)
		partial = NULL;

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(target_memcg, NULL, partial);
	do {
		struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);
		unsigned long reclaimed;
		unsigned long scanned;

		/*
		 * This loop can become CPU-bound when target memcgs
		 * aren't eligible for reclaim - either because they
		 * don't have any reclaimable pages, or because their
		 * memory is explicitly protected. Avoid soft lockups.
		 */
		cond_resched();

		mem_cgroup_calculate_protection(target_memcg, memcg);

		if (mem_cgroup_below_min(target_memcg, memcg)) {
			/*
			 * Hard protection.
			 * If there is no reclaimable memory, OOM.
			 */
			continue;
		} else if (mem_cgroup_below_low(target_memcg, memcg)) {
			/*
			 * Soft protection.
			 * Respect the protection only as long as
			 * there is an unprotected supply
			 * of reclaimable memory from other cgroups.
			 */
			if (!sc->memcg_low_reclaim) {
				sc->memcg_low_skipped = 1;
				continue;
			}
			memcg_memory_event(memcg, MEMCG_LOW);
		}

		reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
		scanned = sc->nr_scanned;

		shrink_lruvec(lruvec, sc);

		shrink_slab(sc->gfp_mask, pgdat->node_id, memcg,
			    sc->priority);

		/* Record the group's reclaim efficiency */
		if (!sc->proactive)
			vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, memcg, false,
				   sc->nr_scanned - scanned,
				   sc->nr_reclaimed - reclaimed);

		/* If partial walks are allowed, bail once goal is reached */
		if (partial && sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim) {
			mem_cgroup_iter_break(target_memcg, memcg);
			break;
		}
	} while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(target_memcg, memcg, partial)));
}

static void shrink_node(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed, nr_scanned, nr_node_reclaimed;
	struct lruvec *target_lruvec;
	bool reclaimable = false;

	if ((lru_gen_enabled() || lru_gen_switching()) && root_reclaim(sc)) {
		memset(&sc->nr, 0, sizeof(sc->nr));
		lru_gen_shrink_node(pgdat, sc);

		if (!lru_gen_switching())
			return;

	}

	target_lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(sc->target_mem_cgroup, pgdat);

again:
	memset(&sc->nr, 0, sizeof(sc->nr));

	nr_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
	nr_scanned = sc->nr_scanned;

	prepare_scan_control(pgdat, sc);

	shrink_node_memcgs(pgdat, sc);

	flush_reclaim_state(sc);

	nr_node_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed;

	/* Record the subtree's reclaim efficiency */
	if (!sc->proactive)
		vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, true,
			   sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, nr_node_reclaimed);

	if (nr_node_reclaimed)
		reclaimable = true;

	if (current_is_kswapd()) {
		/*
		 * If reclaim is isolating dirty pages under writeback,
		 * it implies that the long-lived page allocation rate
		 * is exceeding the page laundering rate. Either the
		 * global limits are not being effective at throttling
		 * processes due to the page distribution throughout
		 * zones or there is heavy usage of a slow backing
		 * device. The only option is to throttle from reclaim
		 * context which is not ideal as there is no guarantee
		 * the dirtying process is throttled in the same way
		 * balance_dirty_pages() manages.
		 *
		 * Once a node is flagged PGDAT_WRITEBACK, kswapd will
		 * count the number of pages under pages flagged for
		 * immediate reclaim and stall if any are encountered
		 * in the nr_immediate check below.
		 */
		if (sc->nr.writeback && sc->nr.writeback == sc->nr.taken)
			set_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags);

		/*
		 * If kswapd scans pages marked for immediate
		 * reclaim and under writeback (nr_immediate), it
		 * implies that pages are cycling through the LRU
		 * faster than they are written so forcibly stall
		 * until some pages complete writeback.
		 */
		if (sc->nr.immediate)
			reclaim_throttle(pgdat, VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK);
	}

	/*
	 * Tag a node/memcg as congested if all the dirty pages were marked
	 * for writeback and immediate reclaim (counted in nr.congested).
	 *
	 * Legacy memcg will stall in page writeback so avoid forcibly
	 * stalling in reclaim_throttle().
	 */
	if (sc->nr.dirty && sc->nr.dirty == sc->nr.congested) {
		if (cgroup_reclaim(sc) && writeback_throttling_sane(sc))
			set_bit(LRUVEC_CGROUP_CONGESTED, &target_lruvec->flags);

		if (current_is_kswapd())
			set_bit(LRUVEC_NODE_CONGESTED, &target_lruvec->flags);
	}

	/*
	 * Stall direct reclaim for IO completions if the lruvec is
	 * node is congested. Allow kswapd to continue until it
	 * starts encountering unqueued dirty pages or cycling through
	 * the LRU too quickly.
	 */
	if (!current_is_kswapd() && current_may_throttle() &&
	    !sc->hibernation_mode &&
	    (test_bit(LRUVEC_CGROUP_CONGESTED, &target_lruvec->flags) ||
	     test_bit(LRUVEC_NODE_CONGESTED, &target_lruvec->flags)))
		reclaim_throttle(pgdat, VMSCAN_THROTTLE_CONGESTED);

	if (should_continue_reclaim(pgdat, nr_node_reclaimed, sc))
		goto again;

	/*
	 * Kswapd gives up on balancing particular nodes after too
	 * many failures to reclaim anything from them and goes to
	 * sleep. On reclaim progress, reset the failure counter. A
	 * successful direct reclaim run will revive a dormant kswapd.
	 */
	if (reclaimable)
		kswapd_try_clear_hopeless(pgdat, sc->order, sc->reclaim_idx);
	else if (sc->cache_trim_mode)
		sc->cache_trim_mode_failed = 1;
}

/*
 * Returns true if compaction should go ahead for a costly-order request, or
 * the allocation would already succeed without compaction. Return false if we
 * should reclaim first.
 */
static inline bool compaction_ready(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	unsigned long watermark;

	if (!gfp_compaction_allowed(sc->gfp_mask))
		return false;

	/* Allocation can already succeed, nothing to do */
	if (zone_watermark_ok(zone, sc->order, min_wmark_pages(zone),
			      sc->reclaim_idx, 0))
		return true;

	/*
	 * Direct reclaim usually targets the min watermark, but compaction
	 * takes time to run and there are potentially other callers using the
	 * pages just freed. So target a higher buffer to give compaction a
	 * reasonable chance of completing and allocating the pages.
	 *
	 * Note that we won't actually reclaim the whole buffer in one attempt
	 * as the target watermark in should_continue_reclaim() is lower. But if
	 * we are already above the high+gap watermark, don't reclaim at all.
	 */
	watermark = high_wmark_pages(zone);
	if (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, watermark, sc->reclaim_idx))
		return true;

	return false;
}

static void consider_reclaim_throttle(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	/*
	 * If reclaim is making progress greater than 12% efficiency then
	 * wake all the NOPROGRESS throttled tasks.
	 */
	if (sc->nr_reclaimed > (sc->nr_scanned >> 3)) {
		wait_queue_head_t *wqh;

		wqh = &pgdat->reclaim_wait[VMSCAN_THROTTLE_NOPROGRESS];
		if (waitqueue_active(wqh))
			wake_up(wqh);

		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Do not throttle kswapd or cgroup reclaim on NOPROGRESS as it will
	 * throttle on VMSCAN_THROTTLE_WRITEBACK if there are too many pages
	 * under writeback and marked for immediate reclaim at the tail of the
	 * LRU.
	 */
	if (current_is_kswapd() || cgroup_reclaim(sc))
		return;

	/* Throttle if making no progress at high prioities. */
	if (sc->priority == 1 && !sc->nr_reclaimed)
		reclaim_throttle(pgdat, VMSCAN_THROTTLE_NOPROGRESS);
}

/*
 * This is the direct reclaim path, for page-allocating processes.  We only
 * try to reclaim pages from zones which will satisfy the caller's allocation
 * request.
 *
 * If a zone is deemed to be full of pinned pages then just give it a light
 * scan then give up on it.
 */
static void shrink_zones(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct zoneref *z;
	struct zone *zone;
	unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
	unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
	gfp_t orig_mask;
	pg_data_t *last_pgdat = NULL;
	pg_data_t *first_pgdat = NULL;

	/*
	 * If the number of buffer_heads in the machine exceeds the maximum
	 * allowed level, force direct reclaim to scan the highmem zone as
	 * highmem pages could be pinning lowmem pages storing buffer_heads
	 */
	orig_mask = sc->gfp_mask;
	if (buffer_heads_over_limit) {
		sc->gfp_mask |= __GFP_HIGHMEM;
		sc->reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask);
	}

	for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
					sc->reclaim_idx, sc->nodemask) {
		/*
		 * Take care memory controller reclaiming has small influence
		 * to global LRU.
		 */
		if (!cgroup_reclaim(sc)) {
			if (!cpuset_zone_allowed(zone,
						 GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_HARDWALL))
				continue;

			/*
			 * If we already have plenty of memory free for
			 * compaction in this zone, don't free any more.
			 * Even though compaction is invoked for any
			 * non-zero order, only frequent costly order
			 * reclamation is disruptive enough to become a
			 * noticeable problem, like transparent huge
			 * page allocations.
			 */
			if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) &&
			    sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER &&
			    compaction_ready(zone, sc)) {
				sc->compaction_ready = true;
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Shrink each node in the zonelist once. If the
			 * zonelist is ordered by zone (not the default) then a
			 * node may be shrunk multiple times but in that case
			 * the user prefers lower zones being preserved.
			 */
			if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
				continue;

			/*
			 * This steals pages from memory cgroups over softlimit
			 * and returns the number of reclaimed pages and
			 * scanned pages. This works for global memory pressure
			 * and balancing, not for a memcg's limit.
			 */
			nr_soft_scanned = 0;
			nr_soft_reclaimed = memcg1_soft_limit_reclaim(zone->zone_pgdat,
								      sc->order, sc->gfp_mask,
								      &nr_soft_scanned);
			sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
			sc->nr_scanned += nr_soft_scanned;
			/* need some check for avoid more shrink_zone() */
		}

		if (!first_pgdat)
			first_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;

		/* See comment about same check for global reclaim above */
		if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
			continue;
		last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
		shrink_node(zone->zone_pgdat, sc);
	}

	if (first_pgdat)
		consider_reclaim_throttle(first_pgdat, sc);

	/*
	 * Restore to original mask to avoid the impact on the caller if we
	 * promoted it to __GFP_HIGHMEM.
	 */
	sc->gfp_mask = orig_mask;
}

static void snapshot_refaults(struct mem_cgroup *target_memcg, pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	struct lruvec *target_lruvec;
	unsigned long refaults;

	if (lru_gen_enabled() && !lru_gen_switching())
		return;

	target_lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(target_memcg, pgdat);
	refaults = lruvec_page_state(target_lruvec, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE_ANON);
	target_lruvec->refaults[WORKINGSET_ANON] = refaults;
	refaults = lruvec_page_state(target_lruvec, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE_FILE);
	target_lruvec->refaults[WORKINGSET_FILE] = refaults;
}

/*
 * This is the main entry point to direct page reclaim.
 *
 * If a full scan of the inactive list fails to free enough memory then we
 * are "out of memory" and something needs to be killed.
 *
 * If the caller is !__GFP_FS then the probability of a failure is reasonably
 * high - the zone may be full of dirty or under-writeback pages, which this
 * caller can't do much about.  We kick the writeback threads and take explicit
 * naps in the hope that some of these pages can be written.  But if the
 * allocating task holds filesystem locks which prevent writeout this might not
 * work, and the allocation attempt will fail.
 *
 * returns:	0, if no pages reclaimed
 * 		else, the number of pages reclaimed
 */
static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist,
					  struct scan_control *sc)
{
	int initial_priority = sc->priority;
	pg_data_t *last_pgdat;
	struct zoneref *z;
	struct zone *zone;
retry:
	delayacct_freepages_start();

	if (!cgroup_reclaim(sc))
		__count_zid_vm_events(ALLOCSTALL, sc->reclaim_idx, 1);

	do {
		if (!sc->proactive)
			vmpressure_prio(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
					sc->priority);
		sc->nr_scanned = 0;
		shrink_zones(zonelist, sc);

		if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim)
			break;

		if (sc->compaction_ready)
			break;
	} while (--sc->priority >= 0);

	last_pgdat = NULL;
	for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, sc->reclaim_idx,
					sc->nodemask) {
		if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
			continue;
		last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;

		snapshot_refaults(sc->target_mem_cgroup, zone->zone_pgdat);

		if (cgroup_reclaim(sc)) {
			struct lruvec *lruvec;

			lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(sc->target_mem_cgroup,
						   zone->zone_pgdat);
			clear_bit(LRUVEC_CGROUP_CONGESTED, &lruvec->flags);
		}
	}

	delayacct_freepages_end();

	if (sc->nr_reclaimed)
		return sc->nr_reclaimed;

	/* Aborted reclaim to try compaction? don't OOM, then */
	if (sc->compaction_ready)
		return 1;

	/*
	 * In most cases, direct reclaimers can do partial walks
	 * through the cgroup tree to meet the reclaim goal while
	 * keeping latency low. Since the iterator state is shared
	 * among all direct reclaim invocations (to retain fairness
	 * among cgroups), though, high concurrency can result in
	 * individual threads not seeing enough cgroups to make
	 * meaningful forward progress. Avoid false OOMs in this case.
	 */
	if (!sc->memcg_full_walk) {
		sc->priority = initial_priority;
		sc->memcg_full_walk = 1;
		goto retry;
	}

	/*
	 * We make inactive:active ratio decisions based on the node's
	 * composition of memory, but a restrictive reclaim_idx or a
	 * memory.low cgroup setting can exempt large amounts of
	 * memory from reclaim. Neither of which are very common, so
	 * instead of doing costly eligibility calculations of the
	 * entire cgroup subtree up front, we assume the estimates are
	 * good, and retry with forcible deactivation if that fails.
	 */
	if (sc->skipped_deactivate) {
		sc->priority = initial_priority;
		sc->force_deactivate = 1;
		sc->skipped_deactivate = 0;
		goto retry;
	}

	/* Untapped cgroup reserves?  Don't OOM, retry. */
	if (sc->memcg_low_skipped) {
		sc->priority = initial_priority;
		sc->force_deactivate = 0;
		sc->memcg_low_reclaim = 1;
		sc->memcg_low_skipped = 0;
		goto retry;
	}

	return 0;
}

static bool allow_direct_reclaim(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	struct zone *zone;
	unsigned long pfmemalloc_reserve = 0;
	unsigned long free_pages = 0;
	int i;
	bool wmark_ok;

	if (kswapd_test_hopeless(pgdat))
		return true;

	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, i, ZONE_NORMAL) {
		if (!zone_reclaimable_pages(zone) && zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES))
			continue;

		pfmemalloc_reserve += min_wmark_pages(zone);
		free_pages += zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
	}

	/* If there are no reserves (unexpected config) then do not throttle */
	if (!pfmemalloc_reserve)
		return true;

	wmark_ok = free_pages > pfmemalloc_reserve / 2;

	/* kswapd must be awake if processes are being throttled */
	if (!wmark_ok && waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait)) {
		if (READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx) > ZONE_NORMAL)
			WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx, ZONE_NORMAL);

		wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
	}

	return wmark_ok;
}

/*
 * Throttle direct reclaimers if backing storage is backed by the network
 * and the PFMEMALLOC reserve for the preferred node is getting dangerously
 * depleted. kswapd will continue to make progress and wake the processes
 * when the low watermark is reached.
 *
 * Returns true if a fatal signal was delivered during throttling. If this
 * happens, the page allocator should not consider triggering the OOM killer.
 */
static bool throttle_direct_reclaim(gfp_t gfp_mask, struct zonelist *zonelist,
					nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
	struct zoneref *z;
	struct zone *zone;
	pg_data_t *pgdat = NULL;

	/*
	 * Kernel threads should not be throttled as they may be indirectly
	 * responsible for cleaning pages necessary for reclaim to make forward
	 * progress. kjournald for example may enter direct reclaim while
	 * committing a transaction where throttling it could forcing other
	 * processes to block on log_wait_commit().
	 */
	if (current->flags & PF_KTHREAD)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * If a fatal signal is pending, this process should not throttle.
	 * It should return quickly so it can exit and free its memory
	 */
	if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
		goto out;

	/*
	 * Check if the pfmemalloc reserves are ok by finding the first node
	 * with a usable ZONE_NORMAL or lower zone. The expectation is that
	 * GFP_KERNEL will be required for allocating network buffers when
	 * swapping over the network so ZONE_HIGHMEM is unusable.
	 *
	 * Throttling is based on the first usable node and throttled processes
	 * wait on a queue until kswapd makes progress and wakes them. There
	 * is an affinity then between processes waking up and where reclaim
	 * progress has been made assuming the process wakes on the same node.
	 * More importantly, processes running on remote nodes will not compete
	 * for remote pfmemalloc reserves and processes on different nodes
	 * should make reasonable progress.
	 */
	for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
					gfp_zone(gfp_mask), nodemask) {
		if (zone_idx(zone) > ZONE_NORMAL)
			continue;

		/* Throttle based on the first usable node */
		pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
		if (allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat))
			goto out;
		break;
	}

	/* If no zone was usable by the allocation flags then do not throttle */
	if (!pgdat)
		goto out;

	/* Account for the throttling */
	count_vm_event(PGSCAN_DIRECT_THROTTLE);

	/*
	 * If the caller cannot enter the filesystem, it's possible that it
	 * is due to the caller holding an FS lock or performing a journal
	 * transaction in the case of a filesystem like ext[3|4]. In this case,
	 * it is not safe to block on pfmemalloc_wait as kswapd could be
	 * blocked waiting on the same lock. Instead, throttle for up to a
	 * second before continuing.
	 */
	if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS))
		wait_event_interruptible_timeout(pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
			allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat), HZ);
	else
		/* Throttle until kswapd wakes the process */
		wait_event_killable(zone->zone_pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
			allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat));

	if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
		return true;

out:
	return false;
}

unsigned long try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, int order,
				gfp_t gfp_mask, nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
		.gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
		.reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
		.order = order,
		.nodemask = nodemask,
		.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
		.may_writepage = 1,
		.may_unmap = 1,
		.may_swap = 1,
	};

	/*
	 * scan_control uses s8 fields for order, priority, and reclaim_idx.
	 * Confirm they are large enough for max values.
	 */
	BUILD_BUG_ON(MAX_PAGE_ORDER >= S8_MAX);
	BUILD_BUG_ON(DEF_PRIORITY > S8_MAX);
	BUILD_BUG_ON(MAX_NR_ZONES > S8_MAX);

	/*
	 * Do not enter reclaim if fatal signal was delivered while throttled.
	 * 1 is returned so that the page allocator does not OOM kill at this
	 * point.
	 */
	if (throttle_direct_reclaim(sc.gfp_mask, zonelist, nodemask))
		return 1;

	set_task_reclaim_state(current, &sc.reclaim_state);
	trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin(sc.gfp_mask, order, 0);

	nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);

	trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed, 0);
	set_task_reclaim_state(current, NULL);

	return nr_reclaimed;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG

/* Only used by soft limit reclaim. Do not reuse for anything else. */
unsigned long mem_cgroup_shrink_node(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
						gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap,
						pg_data_t *pgdat,
						unsigned long *nr_scanned)
{
	struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
		.target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
		.may_writepage = 1,
		.may_unmap = 1,
		.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
		.may_swap = !noswap,
	};

	WARN_ON_ONCE(!current->reclaim_state);

	sc.gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
			(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);

	trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_begin(sc.gfp_mask,
						      sc.order,
						      memcg);

	/*
	 * NOTE: Although we can get the priority field, using it
	 * here is not a good idea, since it limits the pages we can scan.
	 * if we don't reclaim here, the shrink_node from balance_pgdat
	 * will pick up pages from other mem cgroup's as well. We hack
	 * the priority and make it zero.
	 */
	shrink_lruvec(lruvec, &sc);

	trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_end(sc.nr_reclaimed, memcg);

	*nr_scanned = sc.nr_scanned;

	return sc.nr_reclaimed;
}

unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
					   unsigned long nr_pages,
					   gfp_t gfp_mask,
					   unsigned int reclaim_options,
					   int *swappiness)
{
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
	unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
		.proactive_swappiness = swappiness,
		.gfp_mask = (current_gfp_context(gfp_mask) & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
				(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK),
		.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
		.target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
		.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
		.may_writepage = 1,
		.may_unmap = 1,
		.may_swap = !!(reclaim_options & MEMCG_RECLAIM_MAY_SWAP),
		.proactive = !!(reclaim_options & MEMCG_RECLAIM_PROACTIVE),
	};
	/*
	 * Traverse the ZONELIST_FALLBACK zonelist of the current node to put
	 * equal pressure on all the nodes. This is based on the assumption that
	 * the reclaim does not bail out early.
	 */
	struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), sc.gfp_mask);

	set_task_reclaim_state(current, &sc.reclaim_state);
	trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_begin(sc.gfp_mask, 0, memcg);
	noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();

	nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);

	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
	trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed, memcg);
	set_task_reclaim_state(current, NULL);

	return nr_reclaimed;
}
#else
unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
					   unsigned long nr_pages,
					   gfp_t gfp_mask,
					   unsigned int reclaim_options,
					   int *swappiness)
{
	return 0;
}
#endif

static void kswapd_age_node(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
	struct lruvec *lruvec;

	if (lru_gen_enabled() || lru_gen_switching()) {
		lru_gen_age_node(pgdat, sc);

		if (!lru_gen_switching())
			return;

	}

	lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(NULL, pgdat);
	if (!can_age_anon_pages(lruvec, sc))
		return;

	if (!inactive_is_low(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON))
		return;

	memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
	do {
		lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);
		shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec,
				   sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
		memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL);
	} while (memcg);
}

static bool pgdat_watermark_boosted(pg_data_t *pgdat, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	int i;
	struct zone *zone;

	/*
	 * Check for watermark boosts top-down as the higher zones
	 * are more likely to be boosted. Both watermarks and boosts
	 * should not be checked at the same time as reclaim would
	 * start prematurely when there is no boosting and a lower
	 * zone is balanced.
	 */
	for (i = highest_zoneidx; i >= 0; i--) {
		zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
		if (!managed_zone(zone))
			continue;

		if (zone->watermark_boost)
			return true;
	}

	return false;
}

/*
 * Returns true if there is an eligible zone balanced for the request order
 * and highest_zoneidx
 */
static bool pgdat_balanced(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	int i;
	unsigned long mark = -1;
	struct zone *zone;

	/*
	 * Check watermarks bottom-up as lower zones are more likely to
	 * meet watermarks.
	 */
	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, i, highest_zoneidx) {
		enum zone_stat_item item;
		unsigned long free_pages;

		if (sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING)
			mark = promo_wmark_pages(zone);
		else
			mark = high_wmark_pages(zone);

		/*
		 * In defrag_mode, watermarks must be met in whole
		 * blocks to avoid polluting allocator fallbacks.
		 *
		 * However, kswapd usually cannot accomplish this on
		 * its own and needs kcompactd support. Once it's
		 * reclaimed a compaction gap, and kswapd_shrink_node
		 * has dropped order, simply ensure there are enough
		 * base pages for compaction, wake kcompactd & sleep.
		 */
		if (defrag_mode && order)
			item = NR_FREE_PAGES_BLOCKS;
		else
			item = NR_FREE_PAGES;

		/*
		 * When there is a high number of CPUs in the system,
		 * the cumulative error from the vmstat per-cpu cache
		 * can blur the line between the watermarks. In that
		 * case, be safe and get an accurate snapshot.
		 *
		 * TODO: NR_FREE_PAGES_BLOCKS moves in steps of
		 * pageblock_nr_pages, while the vmstat pcp threshold
		 * is limited to 125. On many configurations that
		 * counter won't actually be per-cpu cached. But keep
		 * things simple for now; revisit when somebody cares.
		 */
		free_pages = zone_page_state(zone, item);
		if (zone->percpu_drift_mark && free_pages < zone->percpu_drift_mark)
			free_pages = zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, item);

		if (__zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, mark, highest_zoneidx,
					0, free_pages))
			return true;
	}

	/*
	 * If a node has no managed zone within highest_zoneidx, it does not
	 * need balancing by definition. This can happen if a zone-restricted
	 * allocation tries to wake a remote kswapd.
	 */
	if (mark == -1)
		return true;

	return false;
}

/* Clear pgdat state for congested, dirty or under writeback. */
static void clear_pgdat_congested(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(NULL, pgdat);

	clear_bit(LRUVEC_NODE_CONGESTED, &lruvec->flags);
	clear_bit(LRUVEC_CGROUP_CONGESTED, &lruvec->flags);
	clear_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags);
}

/*
 * Prepare kswapd for sleeping. This verifies that there are no processes
 * waiting in throttle_direct_reclaim() and that watermarks have been met.
 *
 * Returns true if kswapd is ready to sleep
 */
static bool prepare_kswapd_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order,
				int highest_zoneidx)
{
	/*
	 * The throttled processes are normally woken up in balance_pgdat() as
	 * soon as allow_direct_reclaim() is true. But there is a potential
	 * race between when kswapd checks the watermarks and a process gets
	 * throttled. There is also a potential race if processes get
	 * throttled, kswapd wakes, a large process exits thereby balancing the
	 * zones, which causes kswapd to exit balance_pgdat() before reaching
	 * the wake up checks. If kswapd is going to sleep, no process should
	 * be sleeping on pfmemalloc_wait, so wake them now if necessary. If
	 * the wake up is premature, processes will wake kswapd and get
	 * throttled again. The difference from wake ups in balance_pgdat() is
	 * that here we are under prepare_to_wait().
	 */
	if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait))
		wake_up_all(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait);

	/* Hopeless node, leave it to direct reclaim */
	if (kswapd_test_hopeless(pgdat))
		return true;

	if (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, highest_zoneidx)) {
		clear_pgdat_congested(pgdat);
		return true;
	}

	return false;
}

/*
 * kswapd shrinks a node of pages that are at or below the highest usable
 * zone that is currently unbalanced.
 *
 * Returns true if kswapd scanned at least the requested number of pages to
 * reclaim or if the lack of progress was due to pages under writeback.
 * This is used to determine if the scanning priority needs to be raised.
 */
static bool kswapd_shrink_node(pg_data_t *pgdat,
			       struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct zone *zone;
	int z;
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;

	/* Reclaim a number of pages proportional to the number of zones */
	sc->nr_to_reclaim = 0;
	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, z, sc->reclaim_idx) {
		sc->nr_to_reclaim += max(high_wmark_pages(zone), SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
	}

	/*
	 * Historically care was taken to put equal pressure on all zones but
	 * now pressure is applied based on node LRU order.
	 */
	shrink_node(pgdat, sc);

	/*
	 * Fragmentation may mean that the system cannot be rebalanced for
	 * high-order allocations. If twice the allocation size has been
	 * reclaimed then recheck watermarks only at order-0 to prevent
	 * excessive reclaim. Assume that a process requested a high-order
	 * can direct reclaim/compact.
	 */
	if (sc->order && sc->nr_reclaimed >= compact_gap(sc->order))
		sc->order = 0;

	/* account for progress from mm_account_reclaimed_pages() */
	return max(sc->nr_scanned, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed) >= sc->nr_to_reclaim;
}

/* Page allocator PCP high watermark is lowered if reclaim is active. */
static inline void
update_reclaim_active(pg_data_t *pgdat, int highest_zoneidx, bool active)
{
	int i;
	struct zone *zone;

	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, i, highest_zoneidx) {
		if (active)
			set_bit(ZONE_RECLAIM_ACTIVE, &zone->flags);
		else
			clear_bit(ZONE_RECLAIM_ACTIVE, &zone->flags);
	}
}

static inline void
set_reclaim_active(pg_data_t *pgdat, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	update_reclaim_active(pgdat, highest_zoneidx, true);
}

static inline void
clear_reclaim_active(pg_data_t *pgdat, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	update_reclaim_active(pgdat, highest_zoneidx, false);
}

/*
 * For kswapd, balance_pgdat() will reclaim pages across a node from zones
 * that are eligible for use by the caller until at least one zone is
 * balanced.
 *
 * Returns the order kswapd finished reclaiming at.
 *
 * kswapd scans the zones in the highmem->normal->dma direction.  It skips
 * zones which have free_pages > high_wmark_pages(zone), but once a zone is
 * found to have free_pages <= high_wmark_pages(zone), any page in that zone
 * or lower is eligible for reclaim until at least one usable zone is
 * balanced.
 */
static int balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	int i;
	unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
	unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
	unsigned long pflags;
	unsigned long nr_boost_reclaim;
	unsigned long zone_boosts[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
	bool boosted;
	struct zone *zone;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
		.order = order,
		.may_unmap = 1,
	};

	set_task_reclaim_state(current, &sc.reclaim_state);
	psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
	__fs_reclaim_acquire(_THIS_IP_);

	count_vm_event(PAGEOUTRUN);

	/*
	 * Account for the reclaim boost. Note that the zone boost is left in
	 * place so that parallel allocations that are near the watermark will
	 * stall or direct reclaim until kswapd is finished.
	 */
	nr_boost_reclaim = 0;
	for_each_managed_zone_pgdat(zone, pgdat, i, highest_zoneidx) {
		nr_boost_reclaim += zone->watermark_boost;
		zone_boosts[i] = zone->watermark_boost;
	}
	boosted = nr_boost_reclaim;

restart:
	set_reclaim_active(pgdat, highest_zoneidx);
	sc.priority = DEF_PRIORITY;
	do {
		unsigned long nr_reclaimed = sc.nr_reclaimed;
		bool raise_priority = true;
		bool balanced;
		bool ret;
		bool was_frozen;

		sc.reclaim_idx = highest_zoneidx;

		/*
		 * If the number of buffer_heads exceeds the maximum allowed
		 * then consider reclaiming from all zones. This has a dual
		 * purpose -- on 64-bit systems it is expected that
		 * buffer_heads are stripped during active rotation. On 32-bit
		 * systems, highmem pages can pin lowmem memory and shrinking
		 * buffers can relieve lowmem pressure. Reclaim may still not
		 * go ahead if all eligible zones for the original allocation
		 * request are balanced to avoid excessive reclaim from kswapd.
		 */
		if (buffer_heads_over_limit) {
			for (i = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
				zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
				if (!managed_zone(zone))
					continue;

				sc.reclaim_idx = i;
				break;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If the pgdat is imbalanced then ignore boosting and preserve
		 * the watermarks for a later time and restart. Note that the
		 * zone watermarks will be still reset at the end of balancing
		 * on the grounds that the normal reclaim should be enough to
		 * re-evaluate if boosting is required when kswapd next wakes.
		 */
		balanced = pgdat_balanced(pgdat, sc.order, highest_zoneidx);
		if (!balanced && nr_boost_reclaim) {
			nr_boost_reclaim = 0;
			goto restart;
		}

		/*
		 * If boosting is not active then only reclaim if there are no
		 * eligible zones. Note that sc.reclaim_idx is not used as
		 * buffer_heads_over_limit may have adjusted it.
		 */
		if (!nr_boost_reclaim && balanced)
			goto out;

		/* Limit the priority of boosting to avoid reclaim writeback */
		if (nr_boost_reclaim && sc.priority == DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
			raise_priority = false;

		/*
		 * Do not writeback or swap pages for boosted reclaim. The
		 * intent is to relieve pressure not issue sub-optimal IO
		 * from reclaim context. If no pages are reclaimed, the
		 * reclaim will be aborted.
		 */
		sc.may_writepage = !nr_boost_reclaim;
		sc.may_swap = !nr_boost_reclaim;

		/*
		 * Do some background aging, to give pages a chance to be
		 * referenced before reclaiming. All pages are rotated
		 * regardless of classzone as this is about consistent aging.
		 */
		kswapd_age_node(pgdat, &sc);

		/* Call soft limit reclaim before calling shrink_node. */
		sc.nr_scanned = 0;
		nr_soft_scanned = 0;
		nr_soft_reclaimed = memcg1_soft_limit_reclaim(pgdat, sc.order,
							      sc.gfp_mask, &nr_soft_scanned);
		sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;

		/*
		 * There should be no need to raise the scanning priority if
		 * enough pages are already being scanned that that high
		 * watermark would be met at 100% efficiency.
		 */
		if (kswapd_shrink_node(pgdat, &sc))
			raise_priority = false;

		/*
		 * If the low watermark is met there is no need for processes
		 * to be throttled on pfmemalloc_wait as they should not be
		 * able to safely make forward progress. Wake them
		 */
		if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait) &&
				allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat))
			wake_up_all(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait);

		/* Check if kswapd should be suspending */
		__fs_reclaim_release(_THIS_IP_);
		ret = kthread_freezable_should_stop(&was_frozen);
		__fs_reclaim_acquire(_THIS_IP_);
		if (was_frozen || ret)
			break;

		/*
		 * Raise priority if scanning rate is too low or there was no
		 * progress in reclaiming pages
		 */
		nr_reclaimed = sc.nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed;
		nr_boost_reclaim -= min(nr_boost_reclaim, nr_reclaimed);

		/*
		 * If reclaim made no progress for a boost, stop reclaim as
		 * IO cannot be queued and it could be an infinite loop in
		 * extreme circumstances.
		 */
		if (nr_boost_reclaim && !nr_reclaimed)
			break;

		if (raise_priority || !nr_reclaimed)
			sc.priority--;
	} while (sc.priority >= 1);

	/*
	 * Restart only if it went through the priority loop all the way,
	 * but cache_trim_mode didn't work.
	 */
	if (!sc.nr_reclaimed && sc.priority < 1 &&
	    !sc.no_cache_trim_mode && sc.cache_trim_mode_failed) {
		sc.no_cache_trim_mode = 1;
		goto restart;
	}

	/*
	 * If the reclaim was boosted, we might still be far from the
	 * watermark_high at this point. We need to avoid increasing the
	 * failure count to prevent the kswapd thread from stopping.
	 */
	if (!sc.nr_reclaimed && !boosted) {
		int fail_cnt = atomic_inc_return(&pgdat->kswapd_failures);
		/* kswapd context, low overhead to trace every failure */
		trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_reclaim_fail(pgdat->node_id, fail_cnt);
	}

out:
	clear_reclaim_active(pgdat, highest_zoneidx);

	/* If reclaim was boosted, account for the reclaim done in this pass */
	if (boosted) {
		unsigned long flags;

		for (i = 0; i <= highest_zoneidx; i++) {
			if (!zone_boosts[i])
				continue;

			/* Increments are under the zone lock */
			zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
			spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags);
			zone->watermark_boost -= min(zone->watermark_boost, zone_boosts[i]);
			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);
		}

		/*
		 * As there is now likely space, wakeup kcompact to defragment
		 * pageblocks.
		 */
		wakeup_kcompactd(pgdat, pageblock_order, highest_zoneidx);
	}

	snapshot_refaults(NULL, pgdat);
	__fs_reclaim_release(_THIS_IP_);
	psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);
	set_task_reclaim_state(current, NULL);

	/*
	 * Return the order kswapd stopped reclaiming at as
	 * prepare_kswapd_sleep() takes it into account. If another caller
	 * entered the allocator slow path while kswapd was awake, order will
	 * remain at the higher level.
	 */
	return sc.order;
}

/*
 * The pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx is used to pass the highest zone index to
 * be reclaimed by kswapd from the waker. If the value is MAX_NR_ZONES which is
 * not a valid index then either kswapd runs for first time or kswapd couldn't
 * sleep after previous reclaim attempt (node is still unbalanced). In that
 * case return the zone index of the previous kswapd reclaim cycle.
 */
static enum zone_type kswapd_highest_zoneidx(pg_data_t *pgdat,
					   enum zone_type prev_highest_zoneidx)
{
	enum zone_type curr_idx = READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx);

	return curr_idx == MAX_NR_ZONES ? prev_highest_zoneidx : curr_idx;
}

static void kswapd_try_to_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int alloc_order, int reclaim_order,
				unsigned int highest_zoneidx)
{
	long remaining = 0;
	DEFINE_WAIT(wait);

	if (freezing(current) || kthread_should_stop())
		return;

	prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);

	/*
	 * Try to sleep for a short interval. Note that kcompactd will only be
	 * woken if it is possible to sleep for a short interval. This is
	 * deliberate on the assumption that if reclaim cannot keep an
	 * eligible zone balanced that it's also unlikely that compaction will
	 * succeed.
	 */
	if (prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, reclaim_order, highest_zoneidx)) {
		/*
		 * Compaction records what page blocks it recently failed to
		 * isolate pages from and skips them in the future scanning.
		 * When kswapd is going to sleep, it is reasonable to assume
		 * that pages and compaction may succeed so reset the cache.
		 */
		reset_isolation_suitable(pgdat);

		/*
		 * We have freed the memory, now we should compact it to make
		 * allocation of the requested order possible.
		 */
		wakeup_kcompactd(pgdat, alloc_order, highest_zoneidx);

		remaining = schedule_timeout(HZ/10);

		/*
		 * If woken prematurely then reset kswapd_highest_zoneidx and
		 * order. The values will either be from a wakeup request or
		 * the previous request that slept prematurely.
		 */
		if (remaining) {
			WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx,
					kswapd_highest_zoneidx(pgdat,
							highest_zoneidx));

			if (READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order) < reclaim_order)
				WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order, reclaim_order);
		}

		finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
		prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
	}

	/*
	 * After a short sleep, check if it was a premature sleep. If not, then
	 * go fully to sleep until explicitly woken up.
	 */
	if (!remaining &&
	    prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, reclaim_order, highest_zoneidx)) {
		trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep(pgdat->node_id);

		/*
		 * vmstat counters are not perfectly accurate and the estimated
		 * value for counters such as NR_FREE_PAGES can deviate from the
		 * true value by nr_online_cpus * threshold. To avoid the zone
		 * watermarks being breached while under pressure, we reduce the
		 * per-cpu vmstat threshold while kswapd is awake and restore
		 * them before going back to sleep.
		 */
		set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_normal_threshold);

		if (!kthread_should_stop())
			schedule();

		set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_pressure_threshold);
	} else {
		if (remaining)
			count_vm_event(KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
		else
			count_vm_event(KSWAPD_HIGH_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
	}
	finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
}

/*
 * The background pageout daemon, started as a kernel thread
 * from the init process.
 *
 * This basically trickles out pages so that we have _some_
 * free memory available even if there is no other activity
 * that frees anything up. This is needed for things like routing
 * etc, where we otherwise might have all activity going on in
 * asynchronous contexts that cannot page things out.
 *
 * If there are applications that are active memory-allocators
 * (most normal use), this basically shouldn't matter.
 */
static int kswapd(void *p)
{
	unsigned int alloc_order, reclaim_order;
	unsigned int highest_zoneidx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1;
	pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)p;
	struct task_struct *tsk = current;

	/*
	 * Tell the memory management that we're a "memory allocator",
	 * and that if we need more memory we should get access to it
	 * regardless (see "__alloc_pages()"). "kswapd" should
	 * never get caught in the normal page freeing logic.
	 *
	 * (Kswapd normally doesn't need memory anyway, but sometimes
	 * you need a small amount of memory in order to be able to
	 * page out something else, and this flag essentially protects
	 * us from recursively trying to free more memory as we're
	 * trying to free the first piece of memory in the first place).
	 */
	tsk->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_KSWAPD;
	set_freezable();

	WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order, 0);
	WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx, MAX_NR_ZONES);
	atomic_set(&pgdat->nr_writeback_throttled, 0);
	for ( ; ; ) {
		bool was_frozen;

		alloc_order = reclaim_order = READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order);
		highest_zoneidx = kswapd_highest_zoneidx(pgdat,
							highest_zoneidx);

kswapd_try_sleep:
		kswapd_try_to_sleep(pgdat, alloc_order, reclaim_order,
					highest_zoneidx);

		/* Read the new order and highest_zoneidx */
		alloc_order = READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order);
		highest_zoneidx = kswapd_highest_zoneidx(pgdat,
							highest_zoneidx);
		WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order, 0);
		WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx, MAX_NR_ZONES);

		if (kthread_freezable_should_stop(&was_frozen))
			break;

		/*
		 * We can speed up thawing tasks if we don't call balance_pgdat
		 * after returning from the refrigerator
		 */
		if (was_frozen)
			continue;

		/*
		 * Reclaim begins at the requested order but if a high-order
		 * reclaim fails then kswapd falls back to reclaiming for
		 * order-0. If that happens, kswapd will consider sleeping
		 * for the order it finished reclaiming at (reclaim_order)
		 * but kcompactd is woken to compact for the original
		 * request (alloc_order).
		 */
		trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake(pgdat->node_id, highest_zoneidx,
						alloc_order);
		reclaim_order = balance_pgdat(pgdat, alloc_order,
						highest_zoneidx);
		if (reclaim_order < alloc_order)
			goto kswapd_try_sleep;
	}

	tsk->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_KSWAPD);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * A zone is low on free memory or too fragmented for high-order memory.  If
 * kswapd should reclaim (direct reclaim is deferred), wake it up for the zone's
 * pgdat.  It will wake up kcompactd after reclaiming memory.  If kswapd reclaim
 * has failed or is not needed, still wake up kcompactd if only compaction is
 * needed.
 */
void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_flags, int order,
		   enum zone_type highest_zoneidx)
{
	pg_data_t *pgdat;
	enum zone_type curr_idx;

	if (!managed_zone(zone))
		return;

	if (!cpuset_zone_allowed(zone, gfp_flags))
		return;

	pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
	curr_idx = READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx);

	if (curr_idx == MAX_NR_ZONES || curr_idx < highest_zoneidx)
		WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_highest_zoneidx, highest_zoneidx);

	if (READ_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order) < order)
		WRITE_ONCE(pgdat->kswapd_order, order);

	if (!waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait))
		return;

	/* Hopeless node, leave it to direct reclaim if possible */
	if (kswapd_test_hopeless(pgdat) ||
	    (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, highest_zoneidx) &&
	     !pgdat_watermark_boosted(pgdat, highest_zoneidx))) {
		/*
		 * There may be plenty of free memory available, but it's too
		 * fragmented for high-order allocations.  Wake up kcompactd
		 * and rely on compaction_suitable() to determine if it's
		 * needed.  If it fails, it will defer subsequent attempts to
		 * ratelimit its work.
		 */
		if (!(gfp_flags & __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM))
			wakeup_kcompactd(pgdat, order, highest_zoneidx);
		return;
	}

	trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, highest_zoneidx, order,
				      gfp_flags);
	wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
}

void kswapd_clear_hopeless(pg_data_t *pgdat, enum kswapd_clear_hopeless_reason reason)
{
	/* Only trace actual resets, not redundant zero-to-zero */
	if (atomic_xchg(&pgdat->kswapd_failures, 0))
		trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_clear_hopeless(pgdat->node_id, reason);
}

/*
 * Reset kswapd_failures only when the node is balanced. Without this
 * check, successful direct reclaim (e.g., from cgroup memory.high
 * throttling) can keep resetting kswapd_failures even when the node
 * cannot be balanced, causing kswapd to run endlessly.
 */
void kswapd_try_clear_hopeless(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
			       unsigned int order, int highest_zoneidx)
{
	if (pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, highest_zoneidx))
		kswapd_clear_hopeless(pgdat, current_is_kswapd() ?
			KSWAPD_CLEAR_HOPELESS_KSWAPD : KSWAPD_CLEAR_HOPELESS_DIRECT);
}

bool kswapd_test_hopeless(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	return atomic_read(&pgdat->kswapd_failures) >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION
/*
 * Try to free `nr_to_reclaim' of memory, system-wide, and return the number of
 * freed pages.
 *
 * Rather than trying to age LRUs the aim is to preserve the overall
 * LRU order by reclaiming preferentially
 * inactive > active > active referenced > active mapped
 */
unsigned long shrink_all_memory(unsigned long nr_to_reclaim)
{
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.nr_to_reclaim = nr_to_reclaim,
		.gfp_mask = GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE,
		.reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
		.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
		.may_writepage = 1,
		.may_unmap = 1,
		.may_swap = 1,
		.hibernation_mode = 1,
	};
	struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), sc.gfp_mask);
	unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
	unsigned int noreclaim_flag;

	fs_reclaim_acquire(sc.gfp_mask);
	noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
	set_task_reclaim_state(current, &sc.reclaim_state);

	nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);

	set_task_reclaim_state(current, NULL);
	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
	fs_reclaim_release(sc.gfp_mask);

	return nr_reclaimed;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_HIBERNATION */

/*
 * This kswapd start function will be called by init and node-hot-add.
 */
void __meminit kswapd_run(int nid)
{
	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);

	pgdat_kswapd_lock(pgdat);
	if (!pgdat->kswapd) {
		pgdat->kswapd = kthread_create_on_node(kswapd, pgdat, nid, "kswapd%d", nid);
		if (IS_ERR(pgdat->kswapd)) {
			/* failure at boot is fatal */
			pr_err("Failed to start kswapd on node %d, ret=%pe\n",
				   nid, pgdat->kswapd);
			BUG_ON(system_state < SYSTEM_RUNNING);
			pgdat->kswapd = NULL;
		} else {
			wake_up_process(pgdat->kswapd);
		}
	}
	pgdat_kswapd_unlock(pgdat);
}

/*
 * Called by memory hotplug when all memory in a node is offlined.  Caller must
 * be holding mem_hotplug_begin/done().
 */
void __meminit kswapd_stop(int nid)
{
	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
	struct task_struct *kswapd;

	pgdat_kswapd_lock(pgdat);
	kswapd = pgdat->kswapd;
	if (kswapd) {
		kthread_stop(kswapd);
		pgdat->kswapd = NULL;
	}
	pgdat_kswapd_unlock(pgdat);
}

static const struct ctl_table vmscan_sysctl_table[] = {
	{
		.procname	= "swappiness",
		.data		= &vm_swappiness,
		.maxlen		= sizeof(vm_swappiness),
		.mode		= 0644,
		.proc_handler	= proc_dointvec_minmax,
		.extra1		= SYSCTL_ZERO,
		.extra2		= SYSCTL_TWO_HUNDRED,
	},
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	{
		.procname	= "zone_reclaim_mode",
		.data		= &node_reclaim_mode,
		.maxlen		= sizeof(node_reclaim_mode),
		.mode		= 0644,
		.proc_handler	= proc_dointvec_minmax,
		.extra1		= SYSCTL_ZERO,
	}
#endif
};

static int __init kswapd_init(void)
{
	int nid;

	swap_setup();
	for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY)
 		kswapd_run(nid);
	register_sysctl_init("vm", vmscan_sysctl_table);
	return 0;
}

module_init(kswapd_init)

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/*
 * Node reclaim mode
 *
 * If non-zero call node_reclaim when the number of free pages falls below
 * the watermarks.
 */
int node_reclaim_mode __read_mostly;

/*
 * Priority for NODE_RECLAIM. This determines the fraction of pages
 * of a node considered for each zone_reclaim. 4 scans 1/16th of
 * a zone.
 */
#define NODE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY 4

/*
 * Percentage of pages in a zone that must be unmapped for node_reclaim to
 * occur.
 */
int sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio = 1;

/*
 * If the number of slab pages in a zone grows beyond this percentage then
 * slab reclaim needs to occur.
 */
int sysctl_min_slab_ratio = 5;

static inline unsigned long node_unmapped_file_pages(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long file_mapped = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_MAPPED);
	unsigned long file_lru = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE) +
		node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);

	/*
	 * It's possible for there to be more file mapped pages than
	 * accounted for by the pages on the file LRU lists because
	 * tmpfs pages accounted for as ANON can also be FILE_MAPPED
	 */
	return (file_lru > file_mapped) ? (file_lru - file_mapped) : 0;
}

/* Work out how many page cache pages we can reclaim in this reclaim_mode */
static unsigned long node_pagecache_reclaimable(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long nr_pagecache_reclaimable;
	unsigned long delta = 0;

	/*
	 * If RECLAIM_UNMAP is set, then all file pages are considered
	 * potentially reclaimable. Otherwise, we have to worry about
	 * pages like swapcache and node_unmapped_file_pages() provides
	 * a better estimate
	 */
	if (node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_UNMAP)
		nr_pagecache_reclaimable = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_PAGES);
	else
		nr_pagecache_reclaimable = node_unmapped_file_pages(pgdat);

	/*
	 * Since we can't clean folios through reclaim, remove dirty file
	 * folios from consideration.
	 */
	delta += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_DIRTY);

	/* Watch for any possible underflows due to delta */
	if (unlikely(delta > nr_pagecache_reclaimable))
		delta = nr_pagecache_reclaimable;

	return nr_pagecache_reclaimable - delta;
}

/*
 * Try to free up some pages from this node through reclaim.
 */
static unsigned long __node_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat, gfp_t gfp_mask,
				    unsigned long nr_pages,
				    struct scan_control *sc)
{
	struct task_struct *p = current;
	unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
	unsigned long pflags;

	trace_mm_vmscan_node_reclaim_begin(pgdat->node_id, sc->order,
					   sc->gfp_mask);

	cond_resched();
	psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
	delayacct_freepages_start();
	fs_reclaim_acquire(sc->gfp_mask);
	/*
	 * We need to be able to allocate from the reserves for RECLAIM_UNMAP
	 */
	noreclaim_flag = memalloc_noreclaim_save();
	set_task_reclaim_state(p, &sc->reclaim_state);

	if (node_pagecache_reclaimable(pgdat) > pgdat->min_unmapped_pages ||
	    node_page_state_pages(pgdat, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE_B) > pgdat->min_slab_pages) {
		/*
		 * Free memory by calling shrink node with increasing
		 * priorities until we have enough memory freed.
		 */
		do {
			shrink_node(pgdat, sc);
		} while (sc->nr_reclaimed < nr_pages && --sc->priority >= 0);
	}

	set_task_reclaim_state(p, NULL);
	memalloc_noreclaim_restore(noreclaim_flag);
	fs_reclaim_release(sc->gfp_mask);
	delayacct_freepages_end();
	psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);

	trace_mm_vmscan_node_reclaim_end(sc->nr_reclaimed, 0);

	return sc->nr_reclaimed;
}

int node_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
{
	int ret;
	/* Minimum pages needed in order to stay on node */
	const unsigned long nr_pages = 1 << order;
	struct scan_control sc = {
		.nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
		.gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
		.order = order,
		.priority = NODE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY,
		.may_writepage = !!(node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE),
		.may_unmap = !!(node_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_UNMAP),
		.may_swap = 1,
		.reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
	};

	/*
	 * Node reclaim reclaims unmapped file backed pages and
	 * slab pages if we are over the defined limits.
	 *
	 * A small portion of unmapped file backed pages is needed for
	 * file I/O otherwise pages read by file I/O will be immediately
	 * thrown out if the node is overallocated. So we do not reclaim
	 * if less than a specified percentage of the node is used by
	 * unmapped file backed pages.
	 */
	if (node_pagecache_reclaimable(pgdat) <= pgdat->min_unmapped_pages &&
	    node_page_state_pages(pgdat, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE_B) <=
	    pgdat->min_slab_pages)
		return NODE_RECLAIM_FULL;

	/*
	 * Do not scan if the allocation should not be delayed.
	 */
	if (!gfpflags_allow_blocking(gfp_mask) || (current->flags & PF_MEMALLOC))
		return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;

	/*
	 * Only run node reclaim on the local node or on nodes that do not
	 * have associated processors. This will favor the local processor
	 * over remote processors and spread off node memory allocations
	 * as wide as possible.
	 */
	if (node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_CPU) && pgdat->node_id != numa_node_id())
		return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;

	if (test_and_set_bit_lock(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED, &pgdat->flags))
		return NODE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;

	ret = __node_reclaim(pgdat, gfp_mask, nr_pages, &sc) >= nr_pages;
	clear_bit_unlock(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED, &pgdat->flags);

	if (ret)
		count_vm_event(PGSCAN_ZONE_RECLAIM_SUCCESS);
	else
		count_vm_event(PGSCAN_ZONE_RECLAIM_FAILED);

	return ret;
}

#else

static unsigned long __node_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat, gfp_t gfp_mask,
				    unsigned long nr_pages,
				    struct scan_control *sc)
{
	return 0;
}

#endif

enum {
	MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS = 0,
	MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS_MAX,
	MEMORY_RECLAIM_NULL,
};
static const match_table_t tokens = {
	{ MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS, "swappiness=%d"},
	{ MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS_MAX, "swappiness=max"},
	{ MEMORY_RECLAIM_NULL, NULL },
};

int user_proactive_reclaim(char *buf,
			   struct mem_cgroup *memcg, pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
	unsigned int nr_retries = MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES;
	unsigned long nr_to_reclaim, nr_reclaimed = 0;
	int swappiness = -1;
	char *old_buf, *start;
	substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
	gfp_t gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL;

	if (!buf || (!memcg && !pgdat) || (memcg && pgdat))
		return -EINVAL;

	buf = strstrip(buf);

	old_buf = buf;
	nr_to_reclaim = memparse(buf, &buf) / PAGE_SIZE;
	if (buf == old_buf)
		return -EINVAL;

	buf = strstrip(buf);

	while ((start = strsep(&buf, " ")) != NULL) {
		if (!strlen(start))
			continue;
		switch (match_token(start, tokens, args)) {
		case MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS:
			if (match_int(&args[0], &swappiness))
				return -EINVAL;
			if (swappiness < MIN_SWAPPINESS ||
			    swappiness > MAX_SWAPPINESS)
				return -EINVAL;
			break;
		case MEMORY_RECLAIM_SWAPPINESS_MAX:
			swappiness = SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY;
			break;
		default:
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	while (nr_reclaimed < nr_to_reclaim) {
		/* Will converge on zero, but reclaim enforces a minimum */
		unsigned long batch_size = (nr_to_reclaim - nr_reclaimed) / 4;
		unsigned long reclaimed;

		if (signal_pending(current))
			return -EINTR;

		/*
		 * This is the final attempt, drain percpu lru caches in the
		 * hope of introducing more evictable pages.
		 */
		if (!nr_retries)
			lru_add_drain_all();

		if (memcg) {
			unsigned int reclaim_options;

			reclaim_options = MEMCG_RECLAIM_MAY_SWAP |
					  MEMCG_RECLAIM_PROACTIVE;
			reclaimed = try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(memcg,
						 batch_size, gfp_mask,
						 reclaim_options,
						 swappiness == -1 ? NULL : &swappiness);
		} else {
			struct scan_control sc = {
				.gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
				.reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
				.proactive_swappiness = swappiness == -1 ? NULL : &swappiness,
				.priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
				.may_writepage = 1,
				.nr_to_reclaim = max(batch_size, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
				.may_unmap = 1,
				.may_swap = 1,
				.proactive = 1,
			};

			if (test_and_set_bit_lock(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED,
						  &pgdat->flags))
				return -EBUSY;

			reclaimed = __node_reclaim(pgdat, gfp_mask,
						   batch_size, &sc);
			clear_bit_unlock(PGDAT_RECLAIM_LOCKED, &pgdat->flags);
		}

		if (!reclaimed && !nr_retries--)
			return -EAGAIN;

		nr_reclaimed += reclaimed;
	}

	return 0;
}

/**
 * check_move_unevictable_folios - Move evictable folios to appropriate zone
 * lru list
 * @fbatch: Batch of lru folios to check.
 *
 * Checks folios for evictability, if an evictable folio is in the unevictable
 * lru list, moves it to the appropriate evictable lru list. This function
 * should be only used for lru folios.
 */
void check_move_unevictable_folios(struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
	struct lruvec *lruvec = NULL;
	int pgscanned = 0;
	int pgrescued = 0;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < fbatch->nr; i++) {
		struct folio *folio = fbatch->folios[i];
		int nr_pages = folio_nr_pages(folio);

		pgscanned += nr_pages;

		/* block memcg migration while the folio moves between lrus */
		if (!folio_test_clear_lru(folio))
			continue;

		lruvec = folio_lruvec_relock_irq(folio, lruvec);
		if (folio_evictable(folio) && folio_test_unevictable(folio)) {
			lruvec_del_folio(lruvec, folio);
			folio_clear_unevictable(folio);
			lruvec_add_folio(lruvec, folio);
			pgrescued += nr_pages;
		}
		folio_set_lru(folio);
	}

	if (lruvec) {
		__count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED, pgrescued);
		__count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGSCANNED, pgscanned);
		unlock_page_lruvec_irq(lruvec);
	} else if (pgscanned) {
		count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGSCANNED, pgscanned);
	}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(check_move_unevictable_folios);

#if defined(CONFIG_SYSFS) && defined(CONFIG_NUMA)
static ssize_t reclaim_store(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr,
			     const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	int ret, nid = dev->id;

	ret = user_proactive_reclaim((char *)buf, NULL, NODE_DATA(nid));
	return ret ? -EAGAIN : count;
}

static DEVICE_ATTR_WO(reclaim);
int reclaim_register_node(struct node *node)
{
	return device_create_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_reclaim);
}

void reclaim_unregister_node(struct node *node)
{
	return device_remove_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_reclaim);
}
#endif